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The Pequot War (Native Americans)
The Pequot War was an armed conflict that took place between 1636 and 1637 in New England between the Pequot tribe and an alliance of the colonists of the Massachusetts Bay, Plymouth, and Saybrook colonies and their allies from the Narragansett and Mohegan tribes. The war concluded with the decisive defeat of the Pequots. At the end, about 700 Pequots had been killed or taken into captivity. Hundreds of prisoners were sold into slavery to the West Indies. -
King Philip's War (Native Americans)
King Philip’s War of 1675-1676 (also known as Metacom’s Rebellion) marked the last major effort by the Indians of southern New England to drive out the English settlers. Led by Metacom, the Pokunoket chief called ‘King Philip’ by the English, the bands known today as Wampanoag Indians joined with the Nipmucks, Pocumtucks, and Narragansetts in a bloody uprising. It lasted fourteen months and destroyed twelve frontier towns. -
Treaty of Fontainebleau (Native Americans)
The Treaty of Fontainebleau was a secret agreement of 1762 in which France ceded Louisiana to Spain. The treaty followed the last battle in the French and Indian War in North America, the Battle of Signal Hill in September 1762, which confirmed British control of Canada. -
The Proclamation Line (Native Americans)
Proclamation declared by the British Crown, it closed down the westward expansion of the American settlers. American settlers couldn't settle behind this line on the Indian territory -
Treaty of Paris (United States)
Collection of treaties concluding the American Revolution and signed by representatives of Great Britain on one side and the United States, France, and Spain on the other. Britain recognized the independence of the United States with generous boundaries to the Mississippi River but retained Canada -
Land of Ordinance (United States)
Set of rules to administer the distribution of lands in the Northwest Territory. Adopted by the United States Congress of Confederation. Land was to be subdivided according to a rectangular grid system. -
the Northwest Ordinance (United States)
Each district was to be governed by a governor and judges appointed by Congress until it attained a population of 5,000 adult free males, at which time it would become a territory and could form its own representative legislature. The Northwest ordinance made it clear that 3 and no more than 5 states could be created with the north-western territories. Slavery forbidden in the northwest territories but fugitives that goes to these territories have to be send back. -
Saint Clair's Defeat (Native Americans)
Saint Clair’s Defeat, (November 4, 1791), one of the worst defeats ever suffered by U.S. forces in Indian warfare, precipitated by British-Indian confrontation with settlers and militia in the Northwest Territory following the American Revolution. Of the 1,000 officers and men that St. Clair led into battle, only 24 escaped unharmed. As a result, President George Washington forced St. Clair to resign his post and Congress initiated its first investigation of the executive branch. -
Battle of Fallen Timbers (Native Americans)
Battle of Fallen Timbers, decisive victory of the U.S. Army general Anthony Wayne over the Northwest Indian Confederation, securing white settlement of the former Indian territory mainly in Ohio. Wayne’s expedition of more than 1,000 soldiers represented the third U.S. attempt to eradicate the resistance posed by the Northwest Indian Confederation. It was the first major victory for the army of the young American republic and the final battle of the Northwest Indian War -
Treaty of Greenville (Native Americans)
Settlement that concluded hostilities between the United States and an Indian confederation headed by Miami chief Little Turtle by which the Indians ceded most of the future state of Ohio and significant portions of what would become the states of Indiana, Illinois, and Michigan. Indians ceded large tracts of Land, established the annuity system + supplies in exchange for lands and marked border between Indian lands and white settlers but the line was often violated by settlers. -
Treaty of San Ildefonso (United States)
was a secret agreement signed on 1 October 1800 between the Spanish Empire and the First French Republic by which Spain agreed in principle to exchange their North American colony of Louisiana for territories in Tuscany. -
The Louisiana Purchase (United States)
The western half of the Mississippi river purchased by the United States from France. It doubled the size of the United States. The French negotiators offered all the Louisiana for 15 M dollars. -
Lewis and Clark Expedition (United States)
As a result of the Louisiana purchase, President Jefferson asked to explore and to map the newly acquired territory, to find a practical route across the western half of the continent, and to establish an American presence in this territory before Britain and other European powers tried to claim it. The task was assigned Merriweather Lewis, the private secretary of Jefferson who, accompanied by William Clark and their men, tackled the president's request.
Ended in 1806 -
Treaty of Joint Occupation (Oregon)
The treaty was signed between Britain and the US, as a result of the Occupation of Oregon, it is also known as the "Convention of 1818". Oregon was extended from the 42nd parallel (northern boundary of Mexican California) to the 54°40th (southern boundary of Russia's Alaska). It was decided that the Americans would control the coast, and that the British would control the interior of the land, with the Hudson Bay Company forts. The treaty was renewed in 1827. -
Mexico became independent
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Colonization act of 1824 (California)
allowed governors to grant land titles to foreigners for the establishment of ranchos -
Georgia Gold Rush (United States)
The Georgia Gold Rush was one of the most significant event in the American history, and among the several gold rushes. The gold discoveries made throughout the Georgia Gold rush increased the pressure on the Cherokees, who refused the Georgia encroachment by going to the Supreme Court, where major decisions were taken. -
Indian removal Act (Native Americans)
With this Act signed by Andrew Jackson, the President of the United States could grant land west of the Mississippi River to Indian tribes that agreed to give up their homelands -
Battle Of the Alamo (Texas; Mexico)
February 1836, things became heated between Texans and Mexicans and two volunteers led a group of people to overtake the garrison at The Alamo. At that time, Colonel James Bowie and Lieutenant Colonel William B. Travis prepared to defend the Alamo from the Mexicans who were going to take it back. David Crockett arrived in February 1836 to participate in the battle. Texans were approximately 200 while Mexicans were estimated to number between 1800 and 6000. On March 6th, the Texans were beaten. -
The Republic of Texas (Texas)
Instore slavery and banned free blacks to come in the republic. They ask the American for annexation but American did not want them. The south was favorable but the northern states disagreed because it meant more slavery and strengthening south.
Since the American were not ready to have Texas, Texas started to develop itself. President Tyler opened negotiations for annexation and in the end he signed the annexation in march of 1839. In the end Texas became a states under Polk's administration. -
Trail of Tears (Native Americans)
Trail of Tears, in U.S. history, the forced relocation during the 1830s of Eastern Woodlands Indians of the Southeast region of the United States (including Cherokee, Creek, Chickasaw, Choctaw, and Seminole, among other nations) to Indian Territory west of the Mississippi River. Ends in 1838 -
The Annexation of Texas (Texas)
The Annexation of Texas came as a result of the Mexican-American War. The Americans were invited by the Mexicans to settle on their land, in Texas, but they rapidly outnumbered the Mexicans, and wanted their laws to be applied in Texas. A series of bones of contention led to a war, whose the Mexicans lost. After their victory, the Texans Americans started to petition for statehood, and the annexation of Texas was only ratified in March, 1845 and Texas became a state under Polk's administration. -
"Bear Flag" revolt (California)
A small group of American settlers in California rebelled against the Mexican government and proclaimed California an independent republic. The republic was short-lived because soon after the Bear Flag was raised, the U.S. military began occupying California, which went on to join the union in 1850. The Bear Flag became the official state flag in 1911. -
The Mexican-American war (Mexico, United States, California)
War between the United State and Mexico just after the annexation of Texas (1845) and the dispute over the Texas's border (Nueces river or Rio Grande). War won by the United States. The treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo put an end on this war (1848). They fought to obtain the territory of California. -
Battle of Vera Cruz
The American army undertook its first successful amphibious landing, when under the command of General Winfield Scott, a force of 12,000 landed 3 miles southeast of the city of Vera Cruz on March 9, 1847. He thus successfully outflanked the Mexican army defending the city. They were soon forced to surrender. -
The Battle of Chapultepec (Mexico)
A battle between the United States Marine Corps and US Army against Mexican forces holding Chapultepec in Mexico City. During that battle some children defended the garrison until they died they are widely memorialized in Mexico as "Los Niños Héroes." -
The Battle of Cerro Gordo (Mexico)
Major Battle and Major victory of the U.S army. The U.S. Army under General Winfield Scott first met serious resistance in the Mexican War. Genral Santa Anna escaped on a mule. -
California Gold rush (California)
James Marshall found a gold nugget on Sutter's mill in January 1848. It was confirmed by President Polk in December 1848 and the Gold Rush began in 1849. -
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (Mexico)
The treaty was signed outside the country, it marks the formal end of the war (February 2, 1848) ratified by the senate March 10, 1848. The treaty drew the boundary between the United States and Mexico at the Rio Grande and the Gila River. -
Compromise of 1850 (United States)
With this compromise, Fugitive slave law was adopted, California became a free state, end of slave trade in district of Columbia, Utah territory and new Mexico territory organized with slavery to be decided by popular sovereignty -
Act for the Government and Protection of Indians (Native Americans)
It allowed white people to declare Indians as vagrants and turn them into indentured servants . The law also allowed children to be turned into indentured servant so there were many attempts of kidnapping 10,000 children became indentured servant during this period. -
Treaty of Fort Laramie (Native Americans)
Involved the Lakota, Cheyenne, Arapaho, Crow, Arikara, Assiniboine, Mandan, Gros Ventres and other tribes.
Federal government guaranted lands on Plains to each tribe, protection from white intrusion and supplies for 50 years.
The probleme was that the chief who signed the treaty was not recognized as chief by all the tribes. -
Indian Approbation Act
Creating the reservation system. The government forces Native peoples to move to and live on reservations, where it can better subdue them. Native peoples find themselves severely restricted in their ability to hunt, fish, and gather their traditional foods. -
Homestead Act of 1862 (United States)
significant legislative action that promoted the settlement and development of the American West. The U.S. government passed the Homestead Act to encourage western migration. The act granted 160 acres of unappropriated public lands to anyone who paid a small filing fee and agreed to work on the land and improve it, including by building a residence, over a five-year period. -
Sand Creek Massacre (Native Americans)
Southern Cheyenne and Arapahoe Indians are massacred by a band of Colonel John Chivington’s Colorado volunteers at Sand Creek, Colorado.It caused the death of 200 Cheyenne men, women and children. It is the first example of a ruthless massacre. after that, it was revealed that Chivington had disobeyed orders as U.S rules didn't allowed to kill women and children. https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/sand-creek-massacre -
Medicine Lodge Treaty (Native Americans)
Involved BIA and Comanches, Kiowas, Cheyenne, Arapaho and other southern Plains Indians. Established reservations in the western part of Indian Territory, thus requiring of Indians that they abandon their free-ranging traditions (sedentary).
Federal government pledged to establish Indian schools.
Federal government pledged to send farmers to teach Indians how to farm.
Intense warfare with resisting tribes. -
2nd Treaty of Fort Laramie (Native Americans)
It was made to be clearly identified as a Sioux territory. Black hills were part of the Sioux reservations. The two major who signed the treaty were Lakota Sioux chief Red Cloud and William Tecumseh Sherman.
Coming to an agreement with the Sioux that they will stop attacking prospectors who enter to Wyoming, they wanted them to withdrew their troops in return.
Cause major issues because major chiefs refused to sign it. (Sitting Bull refused to sign it) -
Battle of Little Big Horn (Native Americans)
battle at the Little Bighorn River in Montana Territory, U.S., between federal troops led by Lieut. Col. George A. Custer and Northern Plains (Lakota and Northern Cheyenne) Indians led by Sitting Bull. Custer and all the men under his immediate command were slain. There were about 50 known deaths among Sitting Bull’s followers. -
Wounded Knee Massacre (native Americans)
The killing of 150–300 Native Americans by U.S. soldiers in the area of Wounded Knee Creek in southwestern South Dakota. The "Ghost Dance" was part of Indian culture and traditions, it was a way to invoke the spirits. Despite the fact that the Indians had a duty to "civilize" themselves to the American population, they continued this prohibited practice that led to the Wounded Knee massacre -
Indian citizenship Act (Native Americans)
Indians became native American they were given citizenship in 1924. it really shows a lot of the difficulties of dealing with the Indian issues through the 19th century. This act was the final attempt to assimilate the Indians. The Indians thought that through franchise, they could continue the fight in a different way which is legal. Some western states forbid Indians to vote for states affairs until 1846 .
