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Terrorism During French Revolution
At this time, terrorism was actually seen as positive, compare to current days where terrorism is popularly seen as negative. It was called "regime de la terreur" and adopted as a means to establish order during the anarchical period of turmoil and upheaval that followed uprisings and other revolutions during this time period. At this time, terrorism was commonly understood as a revolutionary or antigovernment activity undertaken by non state entities. Represented democracy -
Terrorism Post Regime de La Terreur
Extremists joined forces with moderates to repudiate Robespierre and his regime de la terreur which created a new association for terrorism: The abuse of office and power with overt criminal implications -
Pisacane's Dictum
Piscane argued that ideas result from deeds, not the latter from the former, and the people will not be free when they are educated, but educated when they are free. He also argued that violence was necessary not only to draw attention to publicity for cause, but also to inform, educate, and ultimately rally the masses behind the revolution -
Fenian Brotherhood
Irish radical nationalists created secret society to revolt against English rule. Motto: "Revolution sooner or never". Ultimately failed group, but their unswerving commitment to both Irish republicanism and the use of violence to attain it created a legacy that inspired successive generations of Irish revolutionaries -
Jeremiah O'Donovan Rossa and Patrick Ford
A freed prisoner who worked on a newspaper with Patrick Ford called, "Irish World" that became a main platform for Clan na Gael propaganda and incitement. Believed that a solid financial base is required to sustain an effective terrorism campaign. Also believed media is needed to spread terrorism, as well as terrorism should be used to to create economic losses and damages on the enemy state. -
The People's Will
A small group of Russian constitutionalists that challenged czarist rule. Believed in the idea of using terrorism to attract attention to its group and cause however believed that the victims should only be a specific group of individuals that embodied the autocratic and oppressive state. They did not believe in killing any innocent people who did not symbolize the oppressive state -
Irish Republican Brotherhood
Started a bombing campaign directed against the London Underground and mainline railway stations in United Kingdom's capital. Irish groups inspired the use of bombs, establishing a foreign base beyond reach of their enemy, and targeting mass transport for future terrorists. Enabled terrorism to move away from being a phenomenon consisting of a single event and into operational scenarios where terrorism could persist for years and encompass the deaths of thousands of people. -
Armenian Nationalist Movements
In eastern Turkey, pursued a terrorist strategy against continued Ottoman rule. Objective was to simultaneously to strike a bow against a despotic, alien regime through repeated attacks on its colonial administration and security forced to rally indigenous support, and to attract international attention, sympathy, and support. -
The Black Hand
A secret society who cultivated a public persona in the form of a highly stylized and evocative logo and recognizable insignia. -
Authority Regimes in 1930s
Meaning of terrorism had changed. Used less to refer to revolutionary movements and violence directed against governments and their leaders, and more to describe the practices of mass repression that totalitarian states and their dictatorial leaders employed against their own citizens. -
The Great Terror
Stalin's purges on Russia's government. Stalin's purges in contrast to other revolutions, were not launched in time of crisis, revolution or war, but in the coldest of cold blood, when Russia had at last reached a comparatively calm and moderately prosperous condition, thus the purges were considered as a conspiracy to seize total power by terrorist action resulting in the death, exile, imprisonment, or forcible impressment of millions. -
Post World War 2 Terrorism Meaning
The term terrorism was used primarily in reference to the violent revolts then being prosecuted by the various indigenous nationalist/ anti-colonist groups that emerged in Asia, Africa, and the Middle East to oppose continued European rule. The use of the word "freedom fighters" instead of "terrorists" become popular to justify their acts because they were attempting to free the nation from communists -
PLO, FLQ, ETA
Usage of terrorism expanded to include nationalist and ethnic separatist groups outside a colonial or neocolonial framework as well as radical, entirely ideologically motivated organizations. These organizations adopted terrorism as a means to draw attention to themselves and their respective causes in many instances with the specific aim of attracting international sympathy and support. -
Right Wing Military Dictatorships Transforming Terrorism Definition
Terrorism was transformed by right wing military dictatorships that took power in Argentina, Chile, and Greece. These state sanctioned or explicitly ordered acts of internal political violence directed mostly against domestic populations - rule by violence and intimidation by those already in power against their own citizenry -
Yasir Arafat Addresses Terrorism Definiton
Believed that the difference between the revolutionary and the terrorist lies in the reason for which each fights. For whoever stands by a just cause and fights for the freedom and liberation of his land from the invaders, the settlers, and the colonialists, cannot possibly be called terrorists. -
The Terror Network
In the early 1980s, terrorism came to be regarded as a calculated means to destabilize the West as a part of a vast global conspiracy. Books were created that argued that the seemingly isolated terrorist incidents perpetrated by disparate groups scattered across the globe were linked elements of a massive clandestine plot, orchestrated by the Kremlin to destroy the Free World. -
Narco Terrorism
Use of drug trafficking to advance the objectives of certain governments and terrorist organizations. Believed latest manifestation of the communist plot to undermine Western Society -
Gray Area Phenomenon
Term used to group together in one category the range of conflicts across the world that no longer conformed to traditionally accepted notions of war as fighting between the armed forces of two or more established states, but instead involved irregular forces as one or more of the combatants. -
9/11 Terrorist Attacks
Attack on USA that killed a total of nearly three thousand people, 2900 more people than any other terrorist attack. Bush started term "war of terror"