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Aug 30, 1500
European Arrival
Around this time, the europeans arrived, thinking our land was Asia, since they were in search of an alternative path to Asia, precious medals, silks and spices. -
Period: Aug 30, 1500 to
History of Canada & Quebec
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Sep 4, 1519
Magellan
He was the first to circle the world to prove that it was in fact round, and not flat, as many belivied it to be. -
Aug 30, 1534
Jaques Cartiers's First Voyage
On Cartier's first voyage, he mapped the Gulf of St-Lawrence and also found that the land was rich in fish, timber and fur -
Aug 30, 1535
Jaques Cartier's Second Voyage
On his second voyage, he reached Quebec (which was then called Stacadona). Natives taught the europeans how to survive the winter and scurvy, a condition caused by a lack of vitamin C. -
Aug 30, 1541
Jaques Cartier's Third Voyage
On his third trip, he tried to set up a colony, but came out unsuccesful and Missionaires attempted to convert the Natives to Christianity. Since none of his plans really worked, France lost interest for a few decades (about 60 years) since Canada seemed rather useless to the Europens. -
Port Royal
The King of France first set a voyage to establish a settlement in Nova Scotia called Port Royal. It failed because of its geographical positioning, which was so far off to one side. Samuel De Champlain was a part of Port Royal. -
Founding of Quebec
Samuel De Champlain returned to and founded Quebec to establish a trading post near Stacadona (a point where the river narrows).The King France controlled the fur industry, and granted a monopoly to the 100 Associates Company. -
Seconnd Settlement in New France
During this time, Laviolette founded Trois-Rivières, which is located in the city of Mauricie, in the region of Quebec, on the north shore of the Saint-Lawrence River. This was the second settlement in New-France, after Quebec City in 1608. -
Maisonneuve & Jeanne Mance
Both Maisonneuve and Mance were founders of Ville-Marie, which is now reffered to as Montreal. Maisonneuve was also the first governor of Montreal. Jeanne Mance was also the founder of l'Hotel-Dieu, the first hospital. -
Congregation of Notre-Dame
Marguerite Burgeoys was the founder of the Congregation of Notre-Dame, the first school, served to educate young girls, the poor and the Natives about the Catholic religion, among other things. -
Royal Governement
King Louis the 14th was the King of France some time, and during that periode of time, he created the first official government structure in his colony of New France as an attempt to solve some of it's problems, called "Royal Governement".
This structure included the King & the Minister of the Marines (in France), then the Sovereign Council which included the Governor, Intendant and Bishop (in New France), followed by the Captain of the Militia (N-F) , then the People of N-F. -
Jean Talon
In the Royal governement structure, Jean Talon was the first Intendant. His job was to come up with ways to populate the colony of New-France. Here are a few ways he did so:
-invited minor criminals to N-F
-bonuses and fines to encourage marriage/parenthood
-invited Filles du Roy(orphan girls from France) to settle down and build a family in N-F
-land distribution to soldiers after their service was done N-F's populatin did increse, but was still much smaller than the 13 colonies' population. -
First Intercolonial War
This war was between the french and the English, and ended with the Treaty of Ryswick. -
Second Intercolonial War
This war was between the French and English and ebded with the Treaty of Utrecht. -
Third Intercolonial War
This war was between the French and the English, and ended with the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle -
Seven Years War
The war was going on between the French and the English in both Europe and North America. It lasted seven years, (from 1756 to 1763). During this war, the British try for many years to take New France by land. This was unsuccessful, so a sea attack was planned. The English first take Louisbourg (an extremely powerful fort). They then sail down river to attack Quebec, a battle which would decide the colony of N-F and the future of Canadian History. -
Life in New-France
For those who immigrated to New-France, it was a great improvement from their lives back in France. Although, they didn't have it easy here either; life in N-F demanded a lot of manual labour for example; clearing your land.
The people in New-France were very autonomous, and by 1760, they grew to become a distinct set of people called Canadien. -
Articles of Capitulation
1.The French Militia could return home, no one would lose their property2.The French Regular military would lay down their arms and leave.3.The people could practice the roman catholic religion, but the Bishop would have to leave (because he could insight a rebellion). 4.The people who stayed would become British Subjects -
What the Royal Proc. Did
1-It gives the King’s new colony a name, The Province of Quebec2-It decreases the borders to just around the St-Lawrence river valley. 3-Put in place a civilian Government to run the new Colony: The King appointed a Governor who then appointed members of an Executive Council to advise him. 4- English Criminal and Civil laws were applied5- Unused land would be divided by the Township System
6-No new Bishop would be allowed7-No Roman Catholics could hold public office -
Treaty of Paris
This treaty comes right after the Seven Year's War, and is known as the treaty that ends the conflict in North America. In the Treaty of Paris, we state that all the Territory known as New France is given to the King of England except two small Islands, (St.Pierre, Miquelon). -
Royal Proclamation
The Royal Proc. Had a goal to control and assimilate (make them English) the French in Quebec, It did this by bringing them all together as to watch over them, and took many of their rights away so as to force them to become more English. -
No one is happy in the new Prov. of QC
13 colonies were unhappy because they had fought to gain control of the Ohio Valley however it was denied to them. James Murray→ French were lucky to have him, however the British merchants were fed up of his policies and Murray was recalled in 1766. -
Quebec Act
Guy Carleton was in power when the Quebec Act took place. Here's what changed: -Guarantees French Canadian loyalty -Enlarges the area of Quebec -Denied an elected assembly-Appointed council (min.17 members)-French civil laws were instated, tithe and seigniorial system are back-Test Act Oath→ Test Oath of Allegiance (swear to king you’re loyal, and could hold office)
These changes made the americans extremely upset. -
The American Revolution
-Before the revolution had begun the Americans had asked the Canadiens to join in their cause against the British but because of all the assurances they received in the Quebec Act they said NO.-As a reaction to that the Americans attacked the Province of Quebec several times. (Once even capturing Montreal) -
Treaty of Versailles
All the people who had been loyal to the King of England during the war of Indep. had to find a new place to live. The moved north to the only British colony left in North America (QUEBEC)-We call these people LOYALISTS. They were loyal to Britain, and they came pouring into Canada after the American Revolution (War of independence),because they couldn’t live in the United States since they got kicked out because they fought against the US on Britain’s side, while they lived in the 13 colonies. -
Constitutional Act
This is the Act where Canada was spilt into two; Upper and Lower Canada.Quebec today=Lower Canada (because it was down the St-Lawrence river),Ontario today=Upper Canada (because it was up the st-Lawrence river). This Act was to please the French, since we wanted to avoid a revolt, and since they still represented to majority of the population. To please them, the authoroties provide their population with a Representative Governement structure,which doesn't actually give the people a real say. -
The War of 1812
-British upset about losing their colonies to the South.
-Birtain is at war with France, Americans take advantage of french.
-Americans are trading with France, and Britain doesn't like that so they seize American ships and sailors
-Americans attempted badly organized attacks on Canadiens (who didn't actually do anything but were British subjects) Result of War:
-Stalemate (no one wins) -
Major changes
Trade: Britain in high demand of timber (and wheat), becomes main export in 1807. Agricultural: Seigneuries are overpopulated, since they have new methods for soil, the farmers don't need as many workers. Trasnportation: wanted big canals to transport, steampower invented by James Watt in 1802 is detremental to Canada's timber industry because ships were now made of metal. Population: large wave of Irish pour into Canada because of the Irish Potatoe Famine=they bring diseases with them. -
92 Resolutions
Louis-Joseph Papineau writes the 92 resolutions; main idea was for a responsible government (memebers of councils be selected from elected assembly). The resolutions were sent to the British government and Lord John Russell responded with the 10 resolutions. -
10 Resolutions
3 years later, Lord John Russell replies to the 92 resolutions with his 10 resolutions. Although, his resolutions didn't really solve anything that the Canadians had requested, in fact, it gave even more power to the councils.
This lead to rebellions: 1 lead by Mackenzie in Upper Canada, and 3 by Papineau in Lower Canada which were: St-Charles (lost), St-Denis (won), and St-Eustache (lost). -
Durham Report
After these rebellions, Lor Durham was sent over to Canada to try and find solutions for their many problems. He came up with 3 main solutions:
-Britain should increase immigration to assimilate the French
-The Two Canada's should unite
-Responsible governement should be granted, and also eliminate veto power These 3 reccomendations were rejected until The Act of Union in 1840 (although eliminating the power of veto never passed, even today). -
Act of Union
-This act creates province of Canada, containing Canada East (origionally Upper), and Canada West (originally Lower).
-It also grants both sides of Canada 42 members in their assemblys
-Government still has control and veto power
-Canada East and West would equally pay for Canada's debt, whic came mostly from the English side (East) -
Reciprocity Treaty
Trade with Britain was going well until:
-Britain ends it's preferential treatment in Canada to explore new markets. They establish Free Trade, meaning no customs or duties when trading.
-Canada needs new neighbour; they sign the Reciprocity Treaty with the USA in 1854. This treaty means customs and duties between two countries temporarily. This was a good move for Canada because The United States were such a large market.
