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Creation of the Supreme Court
The Judiciary Act stated the outline of the Supreme Courts and the federal judiciary. In each of the 13 districts there would be one judge. For the eastern, middle and southern parts of the United States there would be 3 circuit courts. The Supreme Court with the Cheif Justice and Associates Justices are above all of these lower courts. -
John Jay
John Jay was the first Cheif Justice appointed by George Washington. He came from New York. Jay served for five years as the Cheif Justice. He waws asked again by John Adams, but he declined. -
John Marshall
After Adams lost to Jefferson in his re-elecetion he appointed John Marshall Cheif Justice. John at the time was already the Secretary of State appointed by Adams also. He finished his term befroe Adams left and went to become the Cheif Justice. Then, Bushrod Washington asked Marshall to write the offcial biography. Marshall was not prepared for this task, but excepted because needed the money. It took him foru years to finish the document. Jefferson called it the five-volume libel. -
Marbury vs Madison
The doctrine of judicial review was established in the case of Marbury vs Madison. Marbury was appointed by John Admas during his presidency to be the justice of the peace for Washington, D.C. Later, a petition was started because he wasn't really given his postion fully. This is because Adam left his office befor that ever happened. The Supreme Court finally decided he deserved the position. Through this process checks and balances were introduced into the United States government. -
Fletcher vs Peck
Georgia divided a 35 milllion acre land into four tracts in 1795. They sold them to four companies. It turned out that the sales were bribes taken from people and transactions were voided. Peck sold the purchased land to Fletcher. Fletcher sued Peck saying that the sale was invalid. The Supreme Court ruled that the states repeal to the law was unconstititional and said the land wouldn't be taken away. -
Gibbons vs Ogden
In 1808, Robert Fulton and Robert Livingston had a monopoly of steamboat navigation on the Hudson River in New York. Aaron Ogden purchased the rights to operate a ferry exculsively from New York to New Jersey. Then Thomas Gibbons, who held a federal trade license, set a competing line against Ogden. That made Ogden sue Gibbons. -
Dartmouth vs Woodworth
In New Hampshire, a private college named Dartmouth College, wanted to become public. The legislature changed the school’s corporate charter. They did this by switching the control trustee appointments to the governor. The old trustees of Dartmouth tried to regain control of the resources by suing William Woodward. Woodward was on the side of the new appointees. Marshall and his court ruled that the Constitution protected against state encroachments. -
McCollough vs Maryland
Maryland placed a tax of the United States bank and other forgien banks in order to protect their local banks. Maryland then sued John McCulloh, who was the cheif bank employee, because the maryland branch of the bank refused to pay the tax. Marshall's court ruled that it was unconstitutional for Maryland to make that tax. -
Cherokee Nation vs Georgia
The conflict between the Cherokees and Georgia started when the policy of Indian removal came about. Georgia and other states passed a law that made the Cherokees and other tribes move from their own lands. The Cherokees tried to fight back, but Georgia said they couldn't because they weren't a foreign nation. They didn't have the right to sue in a federal court. -
Worcester vs. Georgia
This case is in edition to the Cherokee Nation vs Georgia. John Marshall ruled that the laws of Georgia had no control in the Cherokee territory. This made an upset in and around Georgia. Andrew Jackson took the side of the states. -
Commonwealth VS Hunt
The Boston Journeymen Bootmakers’ Society ordered that an employer fire his employee. The employer was afraid that there would be a strike so he fired the employee. The employee responded by contacting the district attorney. The district attorney accused the society with conspiracy. The Boston Municipal Court found them guilty. This subject of conspiracy then went on to the MA S. Court who ruled the common-law doctrine of conspiracy did not apply to labour unions, but trade unions were fair. -
Dred Scott vs Sandford
Dred Scott was a slave in Missouri, but then became a free man when he was brought to Wisconsin. He later went back to Missouri and went to court. He said that since he had been free he should be considered a free citizen. The Supreme Court ruled against him because they said the Constitution did not intend for Africans to be a citizen in the US and the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional. This ruling inferiated the North and Rebuplicans so they turned many Democrats into Republicans. -
Douglas vs Independent Living Center of Southern California
California reduced Medicaid reimbursements in 2008 and 2009. Medical providers challenged the cuts that California made. They were blocked by a preliminary injunction made by a district court though. The 9th Circuit found that the state failed to conduct proper research before the rate cuts went into effect. The Supreme court was included when California argued that the medical providers could not bring personal private claims to implement the federal Medicaid Act.
