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The Court formed the basis for the exercise of judicial review in the United States under Article III of the Constitution. The landmark decision helped define the boundary between the constitutionally separate executive and judicial branches of the American form of government.
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Although the Constitution does not specifically give Congress the power to establish a bank, it does delegate the ability to tax and spend, and a bank is a proper and suitable instrument to assist the operations of the government in the collection and disbursement of the revenue. Because federal laws have supremacy over state laws, Maryland had no power to interfere with the bank's operation by taxing it. Maryland Court of Appeals reversed.
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The Court declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students unconstitutional. The decision overturned the Plessy v. Ferguson decision of 1896 which allowed state-sponsored segregation
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The states are bound by the Court's decisions, and cannot choose to ignore them. Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed.
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The Fourth Amendment prohibition against unreasonable searches and seizures, as applied to the states through the Fourteenth, excludes unconstitutionally obtained evidence from use in criminal prosecutions. Ohio Supreme Court reversed.
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The state requited that schooled recited prayers during school. Engel opposed this and went up to the supreme court, where they agreed in his favor.
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The Court held that both inculpatory and exculpatory statements made in response to interrogation by a defendant in police custody will be admissible at trial only if the prosecution can show that the defendant was informed of the right to consult with an attorney before and during questioning and of the right against self-incrimination prior to questioning by police, and that the defendant not only understood these rights, but voluntarily waived them. (wikipedia)
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The Fourth Amendment prohibition on unreasonable searches and seizures is not violated when a police officer stops a suspect on the street and frisks him or her without probable cause to arrest, if the police officer has a reasonable suspicion that the person has committed, is committing, or is about to commit a crime and has a reasonable belief that the person "may be armed and presently dangerous."
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This case was fought by Tinker for wearing an armband to school during the Vietnam War when the school has a rule about armbands. Des Moines won the case.
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States that nobody, even the president, is above the law.
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The argument was that students should have a type of due process in school before suspension. This was sent to the supreme court because students were suspended and not given a chance for explanation.
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An argument over her rights on the 4th amendment. The female initialed TLO was caught smoking and later possesing other drugs and felt her rights were violated. Court desicions reached against her favor because they believed that they had aa reason to search her to begin with.
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The supreme court had this case to judge whether students have the freedom of speech to say foul language, and ended the case with a restricted freedom of speech in school.
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The discussion was over censorship on students' work on newspapers and how they felt like it was an attack on the first amendment. The court desicion said that it was ok for the school to do that and students are limited to freedom of speech.
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Invalidated prohibitions on desecrating the American flag enforced in 48 of the 50 states. Justice William Brennan wrote for a five-justice majority in holding that the defendant Gregory Lee Johnson's act of flag burning was protected speech under the First Amendment to the United States Constitution.
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Student-led, school-organized prayer at high school football games violates the Establishment Clause.
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A girl had an uncontrollable problem that worried her parents about her future education. Irving ISD suggested that they would be able to take care of it, but years later, they rejected the offer. The court desicion ended up in favor of Tatro.
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The supreme court ruled that state courts under the 14th amendment, must provide counsel in criminal cases for the defendents who are unable to pay for their attorneys.
