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Sandhurst Manifiesto
Cánovas wrote this manifesto, signed in Sandhurst, where he promised a constitutional government. -
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Reign of Alfonso XII
In 1875 the monarchy was restored under Alfonso XII of Bourbon, son of Isabella II. The Bourbon Restoration in Spain was made possible by two processes:
- Through the political manoeuvring of Antonio Cánovos del Castillo. On 1 December 1874, Canovas wrote a manifiesto, signed in Sandhurst, where he promised a consititutional government.
- Through a pronunciamiento by general Martinez Campos in Sagunto, Alfonso was proclaimed king. -
Foundation of PSOE
The Spanish Socialist Workers Party, was founded by Pablo Iglesias in 1879 and was consolidated bt the huge surge in the labour movement during this period. -
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Regency of María Christina
After the death of Alfonso XII in 1885, the restoration was maintained by the regency of Maria Christina. While her son, Alfonso XIII, was still a child. -
Bases de Manresa
Catalan nationalism demanded official status for the Catalan language, the establishment of Catalan political parties and courts, and Catalan autonomy. In 1892, its proposals were declared in the Bases de Manresa, written by Prat de la Riba. -
Teatry of Paris
War erupted in the Pacific (the Philippines) and the Atlantic (Cuba and Puerto Rico). In both conflicts , Spanish fleets were destroyed by the US. Spain was forced to sign the 1898 Traty of Paris, where the recognised the independence of Cuba, Puerto Rico and the Philippines. -
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Reign of Alfonso XIII
Alfonso XIII acceded to the throne in 1902 in a political environment characterised by the crisis of Cánovas del Castillo's political system, the influence of regenerationism and the deaths of Cánovas (1897) and Sagasta (1903). When studying his reign, historians usually look at two stages, dividedby the crisis of 1917. -
Tragic week
Spanish occupation of this protectorate led to a war with the inhabitans of the Rif, a war that in 1909 required reservists to be called up, the mayority of whom were fathers. This set off violent protests in Barcelona, which became known as the Tragic Week of 190. The harsh repression by Maura's conservative government caused the liberals to break their pact of rotation with him. -
Disaster of Annual
Spain suffered a brital defeat in the Rif War against Morocco in what was known as the Disaster at Annual, resulting in 10.000 deaths and widespread public commotion, negatively influencing public opinion. -
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Dicatorship of Primo de Rivera
The dictatorship of Primo Rivera went through two stages, which had two different governments.
- The Military Directory (1923-1925). Primo de Rivera suspended the constitution, dissolved the Cortes, prohibited political parties, supressed the labour movement and defeat the Moroccans after the Alhucemas (1925)
- The Civil Directory (1925-1930). The military victory in Morocco and the economic boom in the 1920s helped the Primo de Rivera maintain power until 1930. -
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Second Spanish Republic
The second republic started in 1931, after the exile of the king. In this year they established a new constitution (Constitution of 1931). It finished in 1939 when the Civil War finished, started the francoist dictatorship. -
Proclamation of the Second Spanish Republic
Alfonso XIII tried to go back to the parlamentary system, first with the government of general Dámaso Berenguer and late with Admiral Aznar. However, the citizens' disapproval of the king's suppport for the dictatorship led to significant Republic victories in the 1931 municipal elections for several major cities. The king went into exile on 14 April 1931 and the Second Republic was declared. -
October Revolution
The new government halted the majority of the previous reforms, which led to an increase in strikes and more actions by left-wing parties. CEDA then demanded positions in the government. This sparked the October Revolution of 1934, which was most intense in Asturias and Barcelona. -
Tragic Spring
Poltical violence its peak in what was known as the Tragic Sring of 1936, consisting of a wave of attacks and street violence between staunch falangist, communist and anarchist activists. -
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Spanish Civil War
The country was divided into two zones, the Republican zone and the "Nationalist" zone.
The objectived of the insurgents was to take Madrid, then the war moved to the Cantabrian coast and involved harsh battles, as reflected by the bombing of Gernika by German air force on 26 April 1937. The war moved to the Mediterranean, where the insurgents intented to divide the Republic zone in two. The Republicans launched an offensive known as the "Battle of the Ebro". The Civil War ended on 1 April 1939. -
Bombing of Gernika
Then the war moved to the cantabrian coast and involved harsh battles, as reflected by the bombing of Gernika by the German air force's Condor legion on 26 April in 1937. The German air force enabled the insurgents to control key industrial and mining areas. -
End of the Civil War
The republicans launched an offensive known as the "Battle of Ebro" in 1938 that led to many casualities on both sides. The insurgents advanced, took Catalonia in 1939 and entered Madrid with no resistance. The Civil War ended on 1 April 1939
