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Period: 4000 BCE to 3000 BCE
Early Beginnings
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3900 BCE
Disease caused by?
They were superstitious, so they believed disease was caused by supernatural spirits. These supernatural spirits were mainly seen as evil spirits. -
3600 BCE
Treatments for the sick?
Tribal doctors treated the sick by,
-exorcism
-trephining= removing circular section, known as the cranium.
-herbal mixtures or medicines -
3100 BCE
Medicines used today?
-Digitalis=treats heart conditions (comes from the foxglove plant).
-Quinine=maintains fevers, muscle spasms, and prevents malaria ( comes from the cinchona tree).
-Belladonna and atropine- maintains and relieves muscle spasms (comes from a poisonous nightshade plant).
-Morphine=maintains excruciating pain (comes from opium poppy). -
Period: 2999 BCE to 399
Ancient Times
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2900 BCE
Ancient Egyptians
Health records?
They came out with accurate health records.
Who are physicians?
The priests were physicians during this time.
How did they heal them?
-medicines
-splinting
-bloodletting and leeches -
1900 BCE
Ancient Chinese
development of acupuncture?
The Ancient Chinese learned to cure illnesses by using stone tools for acupuncture. -
900 BCE
Ancient Greeks
They determined that illnesses could have been caused by natural causes rather than spiritual reasons.
The Ancient Greeks did not believe in the dissection of the human body.
Hippocrates= the father of medicine. -
100
Ancient Rome’s
Sanitation systems- the Romans brought water into their city by aqueducts. They also built sewers to filter out the dirty water, so it was more sanitary. Organize medical care?
They sent out a team of physicians to assist the wounded soldiers and other physicians made a makeshift hospital in their home for the ill.
Hospital Development?
Hospitals, again, started in the homes of physicians and they also realized that wearing death masks would protect them from diseases and illnesses. -
Period: 400 to 800
Dark Age
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500
Stopped the study of medicine, why?
They believed that “life and death were in God’s hands,” according from our textbook. The priests were not intrigued on how the body functioned anymore. -
700
How did they treat disease?
The most common treatment during this time was prayer, as well as herbal mixes. -
Period: 800 to 1400
Middle Age
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1100
Epidemics?
lethal epidemics caused large populations of people to die because they were not being treated. -
Period: 1350 to
Renaissance
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1450
Rebirth
Universities were established because they believed that medical research was very significant.
Dissections were accepted by universities for study and books were also published for people to have more knowledge on the research they had found. -
Period: 1501 to
16th and 17th centuries
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1515
Leonardo de vinci
Leonardo da Vinci studied the human body and made a depiction of the human body. -
1550
Gabrielle Fallopius
discovered the fallopian tubes -
1563
Bartolommeo Eustachio
discovered the tube coming from the ear to the throat. -
William Harvey
was able to describe the flow of blood and the pumping of the heart. -
Antoine von leeuwenhoek
Invented the microscope and discovered that bacteria causes tooth decay. -
Apothecaries
Apothecaries were early pharmacies. -
Period: to
18th century
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Benjamin Franklin
he discovered bifocals and that colds can be passed from one person to another. -
Medical students learning
Students would go to lectures and laboratory's. If a patient died, they wold use their body for dissection purposes. -
Joseph Priestley
discovered oxygen and that plants “clean” the oxygen that turns into carbon dioxide. -
Edward jenner
Discovered vaccinations for smallpox. -
Rene Laennec
She invented the stethoscope. -
Period: to
19th and 20th Centuries
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Ignacio Semmelweis
He identified the cause of childbed fever, which had caused many females to die after or during childbirth. He claimed that it was because they did not wash their hands, so they were infecting the babies and the babies mothers. -
Florence Nightingale
she attracted many educated women to the Nightingale school of nursing, she previously aided soldiers, along with 38 other women, to help them from dying of cholera, she started the training of protection, sanitation, and living costs of nurses, and designed a sanitary hospital. -
Louis Pasteur
found that microorganisms are everywhere in the human body and cause disease. He also found that heating milk can prevent disease and he also created a rabies vaccine. -
Dmitri Ivanovski
Discovered that some microorganisms can cause diseases that cannot be seen under a microscope, which are called viruses. Some of these diseases included-
*Poliomyelitis
*Rabies
*measles
*influenza
*chicken pox
*German measles -
Joseph Lister
He learned about microorganisms that cause infections, so he use carbolic acid to clean wounds to kill germs and prevent infection. He was the first doctor to use antiseptics during surgery. -
Ernst Von Bergmann
Developed asepsis for surgical reasons. -
Robert Koch
discovered disease-causing organisms, developed the culture plate method to identify pathogens and isolated bacteria that causes infections like tuberculosis. -
Paul Ehrlich
Discovered that medications can prevent or even permanently stop diseases. -
Wilhelm Roentgen
Discovered X-rays. -
Anesthesia
Before the nineteenth century, they preformed surgery without anesthesia. They would sometimes choke the patients until they became on consciousness, but that soon became inconvenient, as people would die from the lack of oxygen, so they created anesthesia. Anesthesia was a form of medicine that caused people to fall into a deep sleep, while the doctors are preforming surgery. -
Sir Alexander Fleming
Discovered that penicillin killed off lethal bacteria. -
Sigmund Freud
Discovered that the mind and body work together, leading to the discovery of psychosomatic illnesses. This discovering grounded the understanding of psychology and psychiatry (study of diagnosing mental disorders). -
Gerhard Domagk
Discovered the compounds of the medicine that kills of bacteria, which is sulfonamide. -
Jonas Salk
Discovered that a dead polio virus would cause immunity to poliomyelitis. -
Albert Sabin
Discovered that the live polio vaccine is more effective to cure or prevent Salk’s virus (usually in babies). -
Francis Crick and James Watson
Discovered the molecular structure of DNA. This served as information as to why DNA replicates and how hereditary information is coded. -
Christian Barnard
Preformed the first successful heart transplant. -
Ben Carson
Pioneers in separating Siamese twins, preforming hemispherectomies, and surgeries o the brain to stop seizures. -
Brain machine interfaces
Communication system from the brain to a computer. -
Period: to
21st Century
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mRNA Vaccine
First used during covid and is now used to fight off more diseases and sicknesses. -
Hemgenix
Treats patients with a severe bleeding disorder caused by the lack of factor IX. -
Lab Grown Blood
Lab “manufactured” red blood cells. -
Leqembi And Donanemab
Treatments that help with early stages of Alzheimer’s disease.