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Oil Discovered in Middle East
-Increased value of the Middle East
-Created conflict between Middle Eastern nations that contained more oil; hindered creation of a united Arab state
-Causes great disparity of national wealth in the Middle East -
Sykes Picot Agreement
-Secret meeting between Great Britain and France
-GB and France divide the Middle East and choose territories for themselves
-A root cause of territorial problems and conflicts among Arab nations/states
-Conflicts over territories among Arab nations/states are ongoing -
Balfour Declaration
-Allowed the mass migration of Jews from all over the world to Palestine
-Root cause of anti-Israeli and anti-American sentiment among Arabs and Palestinians
-Cause of ongoing conflict between Arab and Jews, Israel and Palestine -
Ba'ath Party
-Assumes power in Syria in 1957
-Uses idea of Pan-Arabism to unite Egypt and Syria into one nation, called the United Arab Republic in 1958 under Nasser of Egypt
-Highest point of Pan-Arabism; party unable to get rest of Arab nations on board
-Split due to oil and wealth -
1948 War
-May 15, 1948 to March 1949
-Ensured the independency of Israel
-Caused by establishment of the Republic of Israel on May 15, 1948
-U.S. supplies Israel with technology; creates anti-American sentiment among Arabs and Palestinians -
Yom-Kippur War
-October 6, 1973 to October 26, 1973
-Turning point in Israeli and Arab nations relationships
-Sparks beginning of peace talks; leads to the Camp David Accords, in which Egypt is the first Arab nation to recognize Israel -
Ruhollah Khomeini's Return to Iran
-Returned after living in exile in France
-Further spreads anti-American sentiment; calls U.S. the "great satan"
-Causes the Iranian Revolution and inspires other revolutions around the world
-Worked to end Shah regime
-Leads to terrorism against Americans; holds 52 American diplomats/civilians hostage; further creates anti-Muslim and anti-Arab sentiment among Americans -
Soviet-Afghan War
-December 25, 1979 to February 15, 1989
-Soviets invade in hopes of spreading Communism
-Forces Pakistan to create the Taliban
-Causes the formation of Al-Qaeda which leads to terrorism and conflict with the United States; leads to infamous 9/11 attacks -
Iran-Iraq War
-September 22, 1980 to August 20, 1988
-Makes Iraq the poorest country in Middle East
-Slows GDP growth in Iraq
-Economic devastation; lower costs of oil ruins economies in Middle East but aides United States greatly
-Iran develops anti-American sentiment since America helps Iraq; caused Iran to shoot down plane and kill 290 passengers
-Rose the price of oil and disturbed oil production in the Middle East -
Persian Gulf War
-August 2, 1990 to February 28, 1991
-Caused by:
-Iraq accused Kuwait of stealing oil from Iraqi territory
-Kuwait originally a part of Iraq
-Baghdad not happy with Kuwait's demand for repayment of loans during Iran-Iraq War.
-Results:
-U.S. involvement --> Operation Desert Storm to liberate Kuwait
-U.S. doesn't occupy Baghdad or overthrow Saddam Hussein; this leads to invasion in 2003 when U.S. aim to overthrow Hussein -
Taliban in Afghanistan
-September 1996 to November 2001
-Arose due to Soviet occupation of Afghanistan
-Ruins the education system in Afghanistan
-Treats women unfairly which leads to bad economy and society; the patriarchy does not allow a strong economy and keeps nation in poverty
-Enforce hunger, malnourishment, and lack of access to food
-Protect Osama Bin Laden which leads to US invasion and the fall of the Taliban
-Terrorism against various Middle Eastern nations and Afghanistan after downfall and while ruling -
U.S.-Iraq War
-March 20, 2003 to December 18, 2011
-Migration to different Middle Eastern nations for safety; external and internal displacement
-Humanitarian crisis
-Extreme unemployment and poverty
-Unintentionally contributes to the creation of the terrorist organization called ISIS
-Al-Qaeda in Iraq