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1492
The Colombian Exchange
The Colombian Exchange was an exchange between the old and new world. The old world was the continents of Europe, Asia and Africa. The new world consisted of the continents of North and South America. The two worlds would exchange plants,animals, even diseases which would cause many deaths..The exchange changed the diet of the world.From the new world they would trade sugar cane which would be very profitable for the old world. The old world brought over many vegetables as well as tobacco. -
1521
Exploring the New World
Juan Ponce de Leon went out to explore Florida twice where he was looking for the fountain of youth. He brought over African slaves and Puerto Rican Indians. which would cause African,European and North American Indians to meet. Juan Ponce de Leon established Spanish ties with the continents Africa,Europe and North America. He then would die by an enemies arrow. -
Sep 8, 1565
Founding of St.Augustine
Menedez de Aviles founded St.Augustine FL, today the oldest European city. He would declare that any land north and west of St.Augustine belonged to the King of Spain. While establishing this city De Aviles attacked Fort Caroline,killing all the people who lived there. While the French were coming to help Fort Caroline their boat had been shipwrecked by a hurricane and De Aviles killed all the survivors. This let Florida remain under Spanish ruling for many centuries. -
English Settlements
In Jamestown the Virginia Company sent 105 men to look for riches, a shortcut to Asia and to build settlements. This caused an uneasy alliance with the Powhatan.This led to the townspeople lack of community responsibility.Which let a man,John Smith help lead the colony. Then came a starving period of 1609-1610 which almost wiped out the whole colony.After this tobacco became the main cash crop which would then cause a huge gap between the rich and poor people. -
Civil War
The war was held in England. It was a war between the Puritans,Roundheads and Calvary. King Charles I was know for his religious sincerity and his lack of political skill. The Puritans were upset because the King had put stricter Anglican uniformity This is the year where King Charles I lost his head. Then the Puritan commonwealth ruled the country for 11 year.The Puritans put Oliver Cromwell in charged but then they realized that they need a restoration and then put Charles II on the throne. -
Bacon's Rebellion
Governor Berkeley complained about having to govern people who were poor. While Bacon supported everyone. Nathaniel Bacon Led a Militia against native in retaliation for attacks. Govern Berkeley disagreed with Nathaniel Bacon. From Bacon's rebellion a civil war broke out between the Indians and Bacon's militia. In the militia Bacon had indentured servants but from this war their owner feared that their servants might turn on them. The landowners turned to slave labors. -
Glorious Revolution
This is when the Englishmen feared the Catholics which led to the removal of King James II. By this the people demanded more rights while the monarchy used limits of the constitutional law. After James II was removed Mary and William co-ruled with no heirs. From the fear of Catholics, Catholics could not hold office in Maryland which caused them to suffer. -
Salem Witch Trial
The trials began when group of girls claimed to be possessed by the devil and accused others of being witches.The underlying causes was a fear of Indians and jealousy of poor towards prosperous. From this 20 people were killed. 19 were hunged while one was pressed. -
Great Awakening
The great Awakening was a religious revival that was led by Jonathon Edwards. He helped convert peoples relationships with God by Pure Faith alone. He used his most well known sermon "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God." Along with Edwards George Whitefield who came to England to spread the Word of God. In this Ben Franklin was known to be the best speaker ever. -
The French and Indian War
This war was a struggle for the Ohio Valley which was fought on several continents. The result of the war was that the British ha dominance in North America. Which let the French lose control of Canada and of the land east of Mississippi. The war left England in deep debt. -
Boston Tea Party
England had just passed an tax on tea. This means that the colonist could only get tea from the British East India Company. Even if they did not like or want the tea they still had to pay the tax on it when it reached port. The colonist became upset because of taxation without representation. They dressed up as Indians and dumped the tea into the Boston harbor. This caused Britain to close the port of Boston so they could not get or send anything by ship as a punishment for what they had done. -
Declaration Of Independence
The Summer of 1776 John Adams,Ben Franklin,Thomas Jefferson ,Roger Sherman and Robert Livingston and more met up to discuses the declaration of independence. Thomas Jefferson wrote the first draft and on July,2 it was approved.Which makes this date the real independence date. The final draft was presented to the Second Continental Congress on July,4. It was signed on August,2. Then a goodbye letter was written to King George II and was not a form of government. -
The Crisis
The real power that governed the nation under the Articles rested powers with the states loose confederation found itself in debt without a means to tax and its credit was dangerously on shaky ground. The purpose was to revise the Article of Confederation to make sure the citizens were happy. -
Motherhood
During the American Revolution,women of all walks of life faced many challenges especially the ones who were Loyalists who supported the British. At the same time new expectations and behaviors arose from women.With motherhood a special type of education it was said that they could influence their husbands and son to be active citizens. -
Shay's Rebellion
After the war many farmers,soldiers as well as other residents in Massachusetts faced tremendous economic hardship and demanded for economic relief from the state legislature. When the legislature refused armed farmers that was led by Daniel Shay. The courts stopped the process. The rebellion terrified the elite of the nation and led the call for a stronger national government that could prevent any actions similar to this from occurring. -
First United States cabinet
George Washington won the presidential election unanimous. He preferred "Mr.President". John Adams was vice president, with Thomas Jefferson was Secretary of State. With Alexander Hamilton was Secretary of Treasury,Henry Knox was Secretary of War. With Edmund Randolph as the Attorney General. This was the First Presidential Cabinet, they were the best of the best. Washington choose people who maybe did not like each other but he made sure that they were good at what they did. -
Debt from Revolutionary war
To relieve the debt from the war Hamilton wanted the Federal Government to assume all of the states debts and finance repayment with taxes.This would be able to establish the credit of the new credit of the government. Hamilton pushed for the National Bank which would help manage the economy and provide loans to the industry and Attach the wealthy to the government with their investments.Jefferson disagreed with the national bank, he felt it would give more power to cities and not agrarian areas -
Coming with Peace
George Washington toured the nation to show support for religious freedom and personalized distant government.The Ohio Valley was an Indian resistance because of this Joseph Grant Mohawk vowed a no white settlement. The General "Mad" Antony Wayne was a military leader to defeat the Indians at the Battle of Fallen Timbers. With this the Treaty of Grenville which ends Indian resistance in region. -
Second Great Awakening
This was a revival in Kentucky with an outdoor campgrounds for religious meetings. As well in Cane Ridge Kentucky is where the Baptists and Methodists became the largest Protestant denominations.Religion was also in the slave quarters, where their masters wanted obedience as well where the slaves wanted freedom. The slaves would attend white churches and sat in the back.They would soon begin to hold their own services with slave preachers who were allowed to travel between plantations on Sundays -
Jefferson's Ideal Republican
Jefferson ideals of limited government mirrors much of the country.It would reduce the size of the federal government to make the states the center of American life.The case of Murbury vs Madison with the Chief Justice john Marshall. The power gave the supreme court the authority of judicial review which can declare the act of Congress unconstitutional.Nation was mostly agrarian and the white male electorate grew.With this dueling was common.Hamilton and Andrew Jackson were both killed in a duel -
Increase in cotton production
A increase in cotton happened because of the cotton gin that was created by Eli Whitney. Which helped increase production of cotton in the south. Also increased production of textiles in the North.The increase in sales caused growers in new regions of Alabama and Mississippi, parts of Georgia and Louisiana. It was known for being a back breaking job. With this over 1 million salves were forced to migrate for the cotton industry. The sad part is that it broke up many slave families. -
The war of 1812
This conflict was between French and England because of the tension between U.S. and England.The British impressment of American was a threat to Liberty and freedom. The Embargo Act was to deter impressment by halting U.S. trade in foreign ports which devastated the economy in the North. This upset the Indians with the Treaty of Grenvile.Tenskwatawa and Tecumsch wanted to create an Ohio territory without a European contact.During the war,British support the Indians of an all out war against U.S. -
Missouri Compromise
The admission of Missouri as a state.The debate was between North and South over the issue of slavery.This caused a rise in abolition which would tilt the balance of power in the Senate to the South, because Missouri was a slave state and Maine is a free state. -
Election year
The Election of 1824 was between 5 candidates in the democratic republican party. Andrew Jackson then won the popular vote,yet no one had a majority of electoral votes. A run-off in the House of Representatives between Jackson and John Quincy Adams. Henry Clay was the speaker to help Adams win. Then Adam rewards Clay by making him the Secretary of State. With this Jackson claims "corrupt of bargain". -
Expansion of the nation
Manifest Destiny is the importance of an idea. The newspaper editor John L. O'Sullivan created the term Manifest Destiny. The mission was to spread across the North American Continent. Another thing was to spread the Protestant faith with God blessing this mission. -
Immigration
With immigration the population grew. There was a healthy birthrate. The immigration came from Ireland,Germany and China, because of the 23 million people were added to the nation. In china there was many work opportunities in California like laying railroad tracks for Central Pacific. In Ireland there was a failure in potato crops which caused over 2 million to immigrate to Boston and new York City with mostly poor Catholics. In Germany there were mostly farmers with more resources than Irish. -
8 Years later it is Election year
The election of 1832 was that Biddie supported the renewal of the national bank. This is where Jackson transferred federal money to state banks to pay government bills but did not deposit the revenue into the bank which had caused the bank to collapse.Then came the Nullification Crisis where John C. Calhoun was vice president from South Carolina and his rival was Jackson. He was a supporter of state rights and that states can nullify federal laws. -
Another Awakening?
The Second Great awakening was led by Charles Finney who used logic and wit to draw people to religion. They would join churches and reform movement especially in New York. There was a more egalitarian spirit. Lyman Beecher supported the revivals and moral reform in New England. He distributed Bibles and Sunday School material. He would also help prepare ministers for the west and encouraged women to be involved -
American migration
Many of the colonist ignore some of the rules that were either required or forbidden, because of this American migration to Texas ended. Troops were sent to enforce Mexican law, while Americans called for independence. The Alamo was with David Crockett, Jim Bowie and the leader was William Travis and all were executed. A quote was to remember the Alamo (Mision San Antonio de Valero), which led to Texas independence. -
Removal of the Indians
The Indian removal act forced settled Indian tribes to move to Oklahoma. Many tribes were upset the Cherokees challenged the act along with the support of Chief Justice Marshall. The supreme Court knew that it was wrong to force them to move but Jackson ignored them. This was the trail of tears because many families had to leave almost all of their belonging keeping the stuff that they were able to carry. It was very hard for some to just get up and leave everything. -
Panic!!
The panic of 1837 lasted until 1843. This caused many banks to fail and the value of cotton and slaves decreased. This also caused Northern factory workers lose jobs. People would lose jobs and not have any money to provide for their families because of the failure of banks and lose of jobs and the value decrease of slaves and cotton. -
Slavery
Cotton made slavery important in the South. In the North Abolition grew. Southern defenders justified slavery and used northern industrial wage-labor system to compare. They were positive that they were benefiting slaves which was false. They improved the condition in food and living on plantations. On the plantation family was vital and a passive and aggressive resistance. -
New Strength for Women
The Seneca falls convention was began by reading the declaration of Independence. This was the beginning of Women's Right's Movement. Sarah Grimke was a writer and stressed equality for men and women.While female abolitionists pushed for equality by Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton. The movement focused on Education,Property rights and the Right to obtain divorce. -
Compromising?
The Compromise of 1850 states that California is a free state. While New Mexico and Utah became territories. With this came the fugitive slave act which was to help retrieve runaway slaves. This tried to force agents to work with slave catchers and many continued to assist the runaways.Opposition was in the North and South -
A New Party?
A new political party was the Republican Party. They replaced the Whig party. Abraham Lincoln became part of the Republican party which opposed the popular and slavery. They also represented those who were anti-slavery. Vowed to stop the spreading of slavery into new territories. There were no southern members. -
Lincoln and Douglas Debate
The Lincoln and Douglas Debate was between the Illinois U.S. Senate. There was a speech called "made the house divide itself" by Abraham Lincoln. It emphasized the need for halting the spread of slavery in territories. Which was a flaw of popular sovereignty. In the debate Douglas attacked Lincoln as a radical. Lincoln lost the election but was set up to win the Election. -
Civil War
The Civil War begins in Fort Sumter, Charleston South Carolina on April,12,1861. many believed that the war would be short. General Winfield Scott created the Anaconda Plan to squeeze the South into submission. Abraham Lincoln the 16th President felt that his generals were too cautious and slow. -
Going to the West
Settlers would begin to move West and needed Army Protection. This became the Homestead Act, this is when each settler was given 160 acres of federal land to each family that would settle and maintain for 5 years. Then came the Indian Peace Commission which created larger reservations. The Grant Peace Policy was aimed at assimilation and was a reservation for Indian protection which was managed by missionaries. The army would ignore this policy and fought. -
The beginning to Emancipation
President Lincoln had no intentions of attacking institution of slavery in states where it existed.His main goals was to keep the Union together. The slaves that escaped were known as contraband. As the war went on the union saw something in the slaves and felt sympathize with them. Northern public shifted position regarding slavery since slaves were helping Union. Then came the Emancipation Proclamation after the battle of Antietam which freed the slaves in the states that were in rebellion. -
New Medicine
The lack of knowledge on germs and infection led to many deaths. Women would play the role of nurses which actually was not a good thing back then. Elizabeth blackwells Sanitary commission allowed there to be much stricter rules on sanitation. It also treated the wounded in the North. While there were military hospitals in the South. The creator of the American Red Cross was Clara Barton. -
Freedman's Bureau
the Freeman's Bureau established by Lincoln to assist former slaves. The president would chose the commissioner and gave assistance in understanding their contacts. t provided medical asistance, education, temporary shelter and provision as well as clothing. They also helped them buy land. -
Transcontinental Railroad
The Pacific Act was the central Pacific from Sacramento. The Union Pacific from Omaha. The Promontory Point in Utah was connected with a spike this was the first railroad connection coast to coast. Traveling became cheaper and the clocks and time becomes synchronized. This allowed international trade to increase. -
Redemption Period
This was when Hiram Revels became the 1st African American Senator. Then Blanch K. Bruce was the 2nd African American Senator. 22 blacks served in Congress during the Reconstruction.The Freedman's Bureau helped provide education and there was white and black teachers. With this came landownership when General Sherman started the "40 acre and a mule" for former slaves but President Johnson ended it. -
A Panic repeating itself
A Panic in the 1873 started with the bankruptcy of Jay Cooke. This would become a boom and bust cycle during this time period. A man of the name of Cornelius Vanderbilt started the Steamship Industry and the Railroad Industry as well as the managerial bureaucracy. John D. Rockefeller started the standard oil and built the oil refinery in Cleveland,Ohio. Drove out competition using horizontal integration which he used own train cars and refineries. -
Terror and Creation of the Segregated South
The White democrat Opposition caused advancement to fail It was organized to oppose Radical Reconstruction. Then cam the Scalawags who were Southerners who were on the Norths side during the Reconstruction. Carpetbaggers were Northerners who came to the south for economic reasons.The Ku Klux Klan was a plan to cripple and terrorize freedmen and all who assisted them this included White Republican and teachers. They created the enforcement act to counter violence and to protect African American. -
The Cowboys
The cowboys at the end of the trails would celebrate and be a little rowdy. They visited saloons in places like Dodge City, Kansas. Many cowboys were from varied backgrounds they could have been former slaves or confederates, Indians or even some from Mexican descents. Charles Goodnight created the Chuck Wagon and provided food and bedding for roundups and trail drives, -
Victorian Era of the Middle Class
The middle class began with Christmas celebrations with the Macy's parade when the Department stores began to develop. Park and buildings all pointed to prosperity. The Urban development improved water and sewer systems this help cut down on diseases. It also improved transportation which helped create communities to work.The protestant faith was the most prevalent a Evangelist Dwight L. Moody was trying to reach the world by the thought of "save all you can". -
Politics
The Democrats and Republicans reflected an interest in the middle class.In 1880 President James A. Garfield was shot 3 months into office and died a few months later from infection. Chester A. Arthur was a Republican who became the 21st President. James Blaine vs Grover Cleveland was an election of 1884 where there was a lot of mudslinging. Cleveland wins and is the 22nd President. In the election of 1888 was Benjamin Morrison vs Grover Cleveland. Harrison won and was the 23 President.
