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1543
Heliocentric Theory by Copernicus (1543)
Nicolaus Copernicus, a Polish astronomer, published his book "De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium" (On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres), which proposed a heliocentric model of the universe. This theory suggested that the Earth and other planets revolve around the sun, challenging the prevailing geocentric view. -
Laws of Planetary Motion
German mathematician and astronomer Johannes Kepler formulated three fundamental laws of planetary motion. These laws described the elliptical orbits of planets around the sun and provided a mathematical framework for understanding celestial mechanics. -
Galileo's Telescope Observations
Italian scientist Galileo Galilei made significant astronomical discoveries using a telescope. He observed the phases of Venus, the moons of Jupiter, sunspots, and the craters of the moon. These observations challenged the geocentric view and provided evidence for the Copernican heliocentric model. -
Development of Experimental Method
English philosopher Francis Bacon emphasized the importance of empirical observation and experimentation in acquiring knowledge about the natural world. His works laid the foundation for the scientific method and the concept of evidence-based inquiry. -
Development of the Scientific Society and Institutions
The Scientific Revolution fostered the establishment of scientific societies and institutions that promoted the exchange of ideas and the advancement of scientific knowledge. Notable examples include the Royal Society in England (founded in 1660) and the Academy of Sciences in Paris (founded in 1666). -
Laws of Motion
English physicist and mathematician Isaac Newton published his seminal work "Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy" (often referred to as "Principia"). In it, he presented his three laws of motion and the law of universal gravitation, providing a comprehensive explanation of the motion of objects on Earth and in the heavens.