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Jan 1, 1222
Founding of University of Padua
A school of law and one of the most influential universities in modern Europe. Located in Padua, Italy, and one of the earliest universities in the world. -
Jan 1, 1543
Andreas Versalius
In this year Veralius published his most important and influential work, "On the Fabric of the Human Body," because the work gave a more detailed analysis/description of the human body -
Dec 1, 1543
Nicolas Copernicus
Nicolas wrote "On the Revolution of the Heavenly Orbs," a book on the heliocentric theory and at the time was the only book that was an alternative to Ptolemy's geocentric theory. -
Dec 31, 1543
Andreas Vesalius
He was a professor at the University of Padua and wrote one of the most influential books on human anatomy "On the Structure of the Human Body." Later he worked for Emperor Charles V as an imperial physician. -
Period: Dec 14, 1546 to
Tycho Brahe
Discovered the Crab Nebula (1572-73) and a new comet (1577) -
Period: Nov 12, 1561 to
Francis Bacon
The father of empiricism and a master of inducive methods, Francis was a very skilled scientist that created the scientific method. He wrote "Novum Organum" (1620) and the Theory of Induction (1607) -
Period: Feb 15, 1564 to
Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)
During his time period, Giordano Bruno was burned at the stake (1600), he wrote the Letter to Grand Duchess of Tuscany (1615), Dialogue on Two World Systems (1632), and Discourse on Two New Sciences (1638). Galileo was also banned by the Church in 1633 and subjected to house arrest. -
Period: Dec 27, 1571 to
Johannes Kepler
Created the Three Laws of Planetary Motion (1738), specifically one law that states that an equal area of the plane is covered in equal time by planet revolving around the sun -
Jan 1, 1572
Discovery of the Crab Nebula
Discovered by Brahe, it proved that the cosmos wasn't made up of just earth and our solar system -
Jan 1, 1577
New Comet
Brahe observed a new comet and was able to prove that it was farther away from the moon, which contradicted Aristotle's teachings that comets were simply atmospheric phenomena. -
Period: Apr 1, 1578 to
WIliam Harvey
William Harvey was an physician that gave a detailed description of the circular movements of the blood in human bodies in a book called "On the Movement of the Heart and the Blood" (published in 1628) -
Period: to
Rene Descartes
Philsopher, mathematician and writer that wrote the "Discourse on Method" (1637) and created the Theory of Deduction -
Theory of Induction and Expansion by Popper and Hume
The Theory of Induction was created by Francis Bacon, which states that you gather information and come to understand it. This theory was later expanded on by Karl Popper and David Hume. -
Letter to the Grand Duchess of Tuscany
Letter to the DuchessGalileo wrote an essay to the Duchess Christina of Tuscany about science and scripture. It was specifically aimed at the credibility of Copernicus' heliocentric theory. -
Novum Organum
"Novum Organum" translates into "New Instruments" and expanded his previous theory of induction. In this work, he crafted a world that didn't rely on things already known, but a world that was constantly looking for new things and through this advancing science, technology, and engineering. -
Dialogue on Two World Systems
Written by Galileo Galilei in 1632, it undermined all of Aristotle's previous accepted theories about physics and cosmology. He was also able to support his arguement with the discoveries he made using the telescope. -
Galileo Banned by the Church
Galileo was challenged twice for heresy by the church; the first time was because he supported Copernicus' heliocentric theory, and the second time was because he wrote "Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems." He was let go the first time since he was able to use mathematics to support the heliocentric theory, but the second time he was labled a heretic for his work and put under house arrest, where he eventually died. -
Discourse on Method
Written by Rene Descartes, this work was a turning point for philosophy and played a big part in the evolution of natural sciences. A big topic in this book was skepticism, a famous quote from the book "I think, therefore I am." He also incorporated his Theory of Deduction into the book by reasoning that if you doubted everything so you could see the world through new eyes, free of any preconceived notions -
Discourse on Two New Sciences
Galileo's last work before he died, this piece of work laid the foundations for the modern science of mechanics. It was difficult to get the book published, though, since the Church had banned his works in Europe, but was finally successfully published in the Netherlands. -
Period: to
Isaac Newton
Discovered the three laws of motion described universal gravitation and is said to be the most influential scientist to ever live. He wrote "Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy" (1687), and "Opticks" (1704). Newton also used Jean Picard's data on the Earth to create his gravitational theory -
Marcello Malpighi
Even though Harvey understood the way the blood circulates through the human body, he had never actually seen it himself. It was Malpighi that was the first to observe the blood coursing through the capillaries of a frog -
j Jean Picard and Mars
Jean Picard assists Jean-Dominique Cassini and discovers the distance from the earth to Mars, and this discovery gives him enough information to determine the scale of the solar system -
Newton's Three Laws of Motion
- A body moves in a straight line unless impeded. (Inertia).2. Every action has equal and opposite reaction.3. Every body attracts every other body with a force proportional to the distance between.
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Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy
This book, written by Isaac Newton, states the Three Laws of Motion, the foundation for classical mechanics, and Newton's law of universal gravitation. This book took science to the next level and is easily another greatly influential book in the world of science. -
Opticks
Written by Isaac Newton, this piece of work was about the optics and refraction of light. It's all about the nature of light and is based off of numerous experiments and deductions created by the author. This is the second most famous work by Newton and is a very influential book in scientific history. -
Three Laws of Planetary Motion
Created by Kepler:
1. The path of the planets about the sun is elliptical in shape, with the center of the sun being located at one focus. (The Law of Ellipses)
2. An imaginary line drawn from the center of the sun to the center of the planet will sweep out equal areas in equal intervals of time. (The Law of Equal Areas)
3.The ratio of the squares of the periods of any two planets is equal to the ratio of the cubes of their average distances from the sun. (The Law of Harmonies)
