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Revolution of 1905
Definition: The Revolution of 1905 was an uprising against Tsar Nicholas II, the nobility and ruling class, attempted to convince Tsar to transform the Russian government from an autocracy into a constitutional monarchy.
Rationale: This picture is significant as it demonstrates the nobles reactions to the autocracy form of government changing into a consistutional monarchy. Through their content reactions it is evident that the nobles and ruling classes were happy with the final change. -
October Manifesto
Definition: The October Manifesto was a document formed because of the 1905 Revolution and was issued by Tsar Nicholas II that marked the end of unlimited autocracy in Russia and ushered a constitutional monarchy.
Rationale: This picture is significant to the October Manifesto as it provides a copy of the document formed in causation of the 1905 Revolution. Through its modernization in form it is easier for readers to understand and obtain information from. -
Beginning of WWI
Definition: WWI started due to the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand, the Triple Alliance/Entente Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism, and Militarism. On July 28, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia, and the peace of Europe’s powers collapsed. Russia, Belgium, France, Great Britain, and Serbia had lined up against Austria-Hungary and Germany, and World War I begun.
Rationale: This picture is significant to the start of WWI as it is primary evidence of the soilders in Russia on frontlines. -
Czar Nicholas II took sole control of Military Operations
Definition: Tsar Nicholas II took personal command of the army, left St Petersburg, and moved to army headquarters in Russian Poland. Nicholas II believed that, by taking charge, his army would be inspired and would fight with renewed vigor.
Rationale: This picture is significant because it provides a primary source of evidence to the meeting held to develop the command Tsar Nicholas II places on his miliary after taking charge. -
Assassination of Rasputin
Definition: Rasputin's powerful influence on the ruling family infuriated nobles, church leaders and peasants as they saw him as a religious charlatan. Russian nobles, eager to end his influence, assassinated Rasputin. He died from drowning after being unsuccessfully poisoned, shot three times and beaten.
Rationale: This picture is significant to the assasination of Rasputin as it demonstrates the ideals that society was plotting against him, and strike him at his most vunerable moment. -
International Women’s Day March in Petrograd
Definition: Women textile workers began a demonstration that eventually engulfed the whole city, demanding "Bread and Peace"—an end to World War I, food shortages, and Czarism.
Rationale: This photo was chosen as it is significant to the understanding of the marches that were witheld by women at the end of WWI, standing as primary evidence to historians today. -
Provisional Government Formed
Definition: The Provisional Government was the formally constituted authority in Russia, with responsibility for the conduct of the war between February and October 1917 after the abdication of the Tsar but only lasted for 8 months.
Rationale: This picture was chosen as it is significant primary evidence demonstrating the first meeting of abdicated of the provisional government with one another seated. -
Nicholas II Abdicates
Definition: Strikes in Petrograd led to a demonstration and Cossack soldiers refused the Tsar's orders to fire on demonstrators causing Nicholas' loss of support and weakening leadership which led to his abdication.
Rationale: This picture was chosen as it is significant through its primary source and furthering the perspective of the society towards Tsars orders, which caused him to be critiqued in newspapers, and later abdicated. -
Trotsky organizes Red Guard to defend Petrograd
Definition:Red guards were volunteer armed bands formed by industrial workers in the cities during the Russian Revolution of 1917. They played an important role in the turmoil of 1917, the Bolshevik seizure of power, and in securing the new Soviet government.
Rationale: This picture is a secondary source as it was manipulated to be in color rather than black and white. It provides evidence of the agression that was present in the defense Red Guards took in the Petrograd. -
Return of Lenin from Exile
Definition: Vladimir Lenin, leader of the revolutionary Bolshevik Party, returns to Petrograd after a decade of exile to take the reins of the Russian Revolution.
Rationale: This picture was chosen as it is significant towards providing primary evidence of the societies reaction in Lenins return. It is clear they were all cheerful and ready for the changes he promised in the creation of the Bolshevik Party. -
April Theses Published
Definition: A document of ten points presented by Vladmir Lenin in which the main points were to focus Bolshevik efforts on opposing the provisional government, promote a socialist revolution and lay the groundwork for a proletariat-led government.
Rationale: This picture was chosen as it is a secondary and simplified version of the original April Theses containing pictures as well. This demonstrates the 10 points in a clear way and concise manner. -
First All-Russian Congress of Soviets Meets
Definition: The First All-Russian Congress of Soviets was convened by the National Conference of the Soviets, was dominated by pro-government parties, and confirmed the supremacy of the Russian Provisional Government.
Rationale: This picture was chosen as it contains primary evidence of the First All-Russian Congress meeting of the soviets. This allows us to understand how formal the meeting was, and witheld in a serious approach to resolve the growing issues. -
Brusilov Offensive
Definition: The Brusilov offensive, also known as the "June advance", was the Russian Empire's greatest feat of arms during World War I, and among the most lethal offensives in world history.
Rationale: This picture was chosen as it is significant towards the representation of the Brusivol Offensive in a primary light. It is clear that their offensive line contained large amounts of horses and men confident in their approach. -
July Days
Definition: The July Days was a spontaneous uprising of workers and soldiers against the Provisional Government and was sparked by growing opposition to Russia's involvement in the war, a major offensive in Galicia and the collapse of the government.
Rationale: This picture is significant in providing primary evidence on the July Days. It depicts the spontneous uprising of workers against the government and the approach they took in order to become successful. -
Kornilov Affair
Definition: The Kornilov affair was an attempted military coup d'état by the commander-in-chief of the Russian Army, against the Russian Provisional Government headed by Aleksander Kerensky and the Petrograd Soviet of Soldiers' and Workers' Deputies.
Rationale: This picture is significant towards the Affair as it demonstrates primarily the perspective the commander in cheif had going into the military coup d'état against the Provisional Government. -
Bolsheviks overthrow the Provisional Government and take Control
Definition: To overthrow the Provisional Government, the Bolsheviks joined all forces to lead everyone to Petrograd in outbreak against the current government system. This is better defined as the segment within the October Revolution where workers and soldiers supporting the Bolshevik party received the authority that the Provisional Government lost to promote social equality.
Rationale: This picture is primary evidence in the demonstration of the Bolsheviks organized stance in the movement. -
Cheka Formed
Definition: The Cheka was the Bolshevik security force or secret police that delt with identifying and dealing with potential counter revolutionaries. The chekas main motive to form was due to worry of what the new regime would bring Russia and to provide a source of investigation to deal with possible threats.
Rationale: This picture is a secondary painting done to demonstrate the manner the Cheka took in dealing with citizens that did not agree with their ideals. The manner was harsh. -
Ukraine brought under Soviet control
Definition: Ukraine became part of the Soviet Union as the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic. Ukraine lacked the strength needed to withstand Lenin’s spreading soviet rule, and hence they became known under a soviet control.
Rationale: This photo is significant to our timeline as it shows the delegates at negotiations for the treaties of Brest-Litovsk in 1918 to end Russia's overall participation in the Great War. -
Constituent Assembly meets and is Disbanded
Definition: The Constituent Assembly met from 4 pm to 5 am to create the Third All-Russian Congress of Soviets as the new governing power of Russia. It was created because of being a common demand amongst all revolutionary parties before the Russian Revolution of 1905.
Rationale: This image primarily demonstrates the first meeting of the Constituent Assembly. Portraying the men all attentively listening to the speaker. -
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
Definition: A treaty signed between the new Bolshevik government and Central European powers which mainly ended Russia’s participation in World War I. The independence of Ukraine, Finland and Georgia was now established, and new territorial arrangements were set with the Baltic states and Austria-Hungary.
Rationale: This photo is significant to our timeline as it shows the delegates at negotiations for the treaties of Brest-Litovsk in 1918 to end Russia's overall participation in the Great War. -
Wartime Communism Created
Definition: War communism was an economic policy applied by the Bolsheviks during the period of the Russian Civil War. It was started by Lenin to combat the economic problems caused by the civil war in Russia.
Rationale: This image is significant to our timeline as it shows the Red Army traveling through cities in a truck with guns to silence enemies through terror. -
Red Terror
Definition: Red Terror was a campaign of political repression and executions carried out by the Bolsheviks, chiefly through the Cheka, the Bolshevik secret police. The Red Terror was a Bolshevik-ordered campaign of intimidation, arrests, violence and executions.
Rationale:This image is significant to our timeline as it shows the Red Army traveling through cities in a truck with guns to silence enemies through terror. -
Kolchak (one of the White leaders) begins serious attacks against Reds from Siberia
Definition: Kolchak established an anti-communist government in Siberia.
Rational:This photo is significant to our timeline as it depicts Kolchak and General Knox observing a military exercise in 1918 to atempt to begin attacks against the Red Army. -
Poles move toward Kiev
Definition: Known as the Kiev Expedition, southern groups of Polish armies marched towards Kiev to recreate a formally independent Ukraine.
Rationale: This photo is significant to our timeline as it shows the Polish general and exiled Ukrainian leader following the treaty of Warsaw with the Poles to attempt to create an independent Ukraine; demonstrating its significance as it shows the efforts made to make Ukraine independent. -
Soviets attempt to take Warsaw
Definition: Known as the Battle of Warsaw, this is the time frame sets the classification of when Poland was on the verge of total defeat, repulsed and defeated the Red Army during the Polish-Soviet War.
Rationale:This photo is significant to our timeline as it depicts one of the leaders, Antonio Antonov as well as his staff of the Tambov rebellion in 1920; demonstrating its relevance to the timeline. -
Tambov Rebellion
Definition: Peasant rebellion challenging the Bolsheviks during the Russian Civil War. It began with resistance to the forced confiscation of grain and developed into a guerrilla war against the Red Army, Cheka and the Soviet Russian authorities.
Rationale: This photo is significant to our timeline as it depicts one of the leaders, Antonio Antonov as well as his staff of the Tambov rebellion in 1920; demonstrating its relevance to the timeline. -
Kronstadt Uprising
Definition: Insurrection of Soviet sailors, soldiers and civilians against the Bolshevik government in Russian SFSR port city of Kronstadt. Rebels in Kronstadt's naval fortress rose so they'd helped consolidate.
Rationale: This image is significant to our timeline as it serves as a representation of the chaos present during the uprising as an opposition fighting against the Bolshevik government wasn't certain to be executed in an orderly manner due to the power the Bolsheviks held. -
Ending of Wartime Communism
Defintion: The New Economic Policy (NEP) came into play to replace war communism. This represented a more market-oriented economic policy to fend for the economy present in Russia.
Rationale:This photo is significant to our timeline as it illustrates the encounter between the German Chancellor and the Russian delegation in 1922 to come to a consensus of the standards of the Treaty of Rapallo. -
Treaty of Rapallo
Definition: Treaty between the Kingdom of Italy and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, signed to solve the dispute over some territories in the former Austrian Littoral, which was in the northern Adriatic, as well as in Dalmatia.
Rationale: This photo is significant to our timeline as it illustrates the encounter between the German Chancellor and the Russian delegation in 1922 to come to a consensus of the standards of the Treaty of Rapallo. -
Formation of Soviet Union
Def: Communist state that spanned Eurasia from 1922 to 1991.The Soviet Union had its roots in the October Revolution of 1917 when the Bolsheviks, headed by Vladimir Lenin, overthrew the Provisional Government that had earlier replaced the house of Romanov of the Russian Empire.
Rationale: This photo is significant to our timeline as it depicts the creation of the Soviet Union in 1922 by showing members signing the treaty on the creation of the USSR, declaring its arrival into society/the world. -
Lenin Dies
Definition:Vladimir Lenin died of a brain hemorrhage at the age of 54. Lenin abandoned his law career to devote himself to Marxist study and the provocation of revolutionary activity among Russian workers.
Rationale: This picture is significant to our timeline as it depicts the leader of Lenin in his final moments as head of the government for the Soviet Union and his overall significant status as a Marxist for Russia before his sudden death at 54 years old.