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Alexander III
Alexander became Tsar on the death of Nicholas I in 1855.Was known as the "Tsar-Liberator" because he release the Russian serfs.Morover,he inherited from his father a bloody Crimean War with a coalition of the Turkey-led Ottoman Empire, Britain and France. He also reigned over one of the periods in Russian history where the people could not express themselves.Furthemore,he faced numerous attempts on his life, ultimately resulting in his assassination. -
Abolishment of Serfdom
Serfdom was not the original status of the Russian peasant. It was one of the consequences of the Tartar devastation,when peasants became homeless and settled on the land of wealthy Russians.The Crimean War made Alexander II realize that Russia was no longer a great military power. His advisers argued that Russia's serf-based economy could no longer compete with industrialized nations such as Britain and France.Alexander now began to consider the possibility of bringing an end to serfdom. -
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Nicholas II
Nicholas II was the last tsar of Russia.Nicholas married Alexandra,they had a son who suffered from the disease haemophilia, and a person called Rasputin ease the boy symptoms,to show her gratitud she allowed him to make political decisions.Morover ,Nicholas II made the fateful decision to drag Russia into World War I and her wife ran the goverment until he returnAlso,he moved his headquarters to the war front.He was forced to abdicated and the revolutionaries executed Nicholas and his family. -
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Lenin
He was a Russian communist revolutionary, politician and political theorist. He served as head of government of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic from 1917, and of the Soviet Union from 1922 until his death. Based in Marxism, his political theories are known as Leninism.Under his administration, the Russian Empire was replaced by the Soviet Union; all wealth including land, industry and business was confiscated. -
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Stalin
He was a general secretary of the Communist Party and he worked behind the scenes to move his supportersinto positions of power.Under Stalin's rule, the concept of "Socialism in One Country" became a central tenet of Soviet society, contrary to Leon Trotsky's view that socialism must be spread through continuous international revolutions. He replaced the New Economic Policy introduced by Lenin with a highly centralised command economy. -
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Transiberian
Is a network of railways connecting Moscow with the Russian Far East and the Sea of Japan.With a length of 9,289 km,it is the longest railway line in the world.It was built from 1891 to 1916 under the supervision of Russian government ministers who were personally appointed by Tsar Alexander III and by his son, Tsar Nicholas II. -
Division of Marxists into two groups
The Marxist revolutionaries believed that the industrial class of workers would overthrow the czar.Russian Marxists split into two groups.On the one hand,the Bolsheviks support a small number of committed revolutionaries willing to sacrifice everything for change.And on the other hand,the Mensheviks wanted a broad base of popular support for the revolution and there where more moderate. -
Russo Japanese War
Russo-Japanese War
It was a military conflict in which a victorious Japan forced Russia to abandon its expansionist policy in the Far East, becoming the first Asian power in modern times to defeat a European power. -
Bloody Sunday
History Bloody Sunday
It was a massacre carried out by the Russian Imperial Guard against peaceful demonstrators.Workers organized by Father Gapon, sought to sue directly to the Tsar a higher and better working conditions, after the failure of numerous strikes.Nicholas II was not in the palace at the time but his uncle, was ordered to open fire on the crowd.There where 200 protesters killed and 800 wounded, including women and children. -
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World War One
The Russian army in 1914 was considerably larger than that of Germany at 5 million men against the 4.5 million of Germany.Morover,russian treaty of alliance of 1892 ensured that Germany would have to fight a disadvantaageous war on two fronts unless a quick victory against France would allow the Germans and their allies to turn Eastwards before the Russians could fully mobilise. -
Murder of Rasputin
Rasputin was killed as he was seen by both the left and right to be the root cause of Russia's despair during World War I. -
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Provisional Government
The Provisional Government inherited political authority after the abdication of Nicholas II.Provisional Government is the name given to the government that led Russia from March 1917 to November 1917.This government had one major disadvantage: its leaders - especially Kerensky - were associated with the middle class. They were not seen as having anything in common with the working class, therefore, how could they possibly represent them? -
March (February) revolution
Fall of Tsar & February RevolutionThe February Revolution in the Russian Empire marked the first stage of the Russian Revolution of 1917. It caused the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II, ended the Russian monarchy and led to the formation of a provisional government.This revolution was born in reaction to the policy made by the Tsar,his refusal to grant reforms and liberalization policies against Russia's participation in World War I, which had done great harm on the population. -
October Revolution
This revolution overthrew the provisional government and gave the power to the local soviets.The Bolshevik party was heavily supported by the soviets.After the Congress of Soviets,had its second session,it elected members of the Bolsheviks and other leftist groups such the Left Socialist Revolutionaries to key positions within the new state of affairs.This immediately initiated the establishment of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic,the world's first self-proclaimed socialist state -
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Civil War in Russia
The Civil War in Russia was between the Bolsheviks (Reds) and the anti-Bolsheviks (Whites).The Whites represented all shades of anti-Communist groups, including members of the constituent assembly.Several of their leaders favored setting up a military dictatorship, but few were outspoken czarists.The Bolshevik military victory was due partly to the lack of cooperation among the various White commanders and partly to the remarkable reorganization of the Red forces. -
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
Was a peace treaty, between the new Bolshevik government of Russia (the Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic) and the Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and Turkey).It brought about the end of the war between Russia and Germany. -
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NEP
The NEP attempted to reverse the crisis that engulfed Russia was due to civil war and foreign aggression.
The revolution had survived , but at a huge cost agricultural production had declined compared to 1914 by 60 % , industrial production was reduced to 15% , migration and depopulation of the countryside to the cities was rampant and the standard of living of the population was under minimum .
Child victims of hunger. -
USSR
In post-revolutionary Russia, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) is established, comprising a confederation of Russia, Belorussia, Ukraine, and the Transcaucasian Federation (divided in 1936 into the Georgian, Azerbaijan, and Armenian republics). Also known as the Soviet Union, the new communist state was the successor to the Russian Empire and the first country in the world to be based on Marxist socialism. -
Trotsky into exile
He was a Marxist revolutionary and theorist, Soviet politician, and the founder and first leader of the Red Army, is deported by Soviet leader Joseph Stalin to Alma-Ata in remote Soviet Central Asia. He lived there in internal exile for a year before being banished from the USSR forever by Stalin.In 1898, he was arrested for his revolutionary activities and sent to prison. In 1900, he was exiled to Siberia.
