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Period: to
Russian Revolution
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Reign of Czar Alexander III (1881-1894)
- Anyone against Russian Orthodox Church or spoke a different language was dangerous
- Imposed censorship on published materials and written documents
- Teachers sent Detailed Reports on students, oppressed national groups (Jewish)
- Persecuted people who did not follow rules +Autocracy - one man rule +One race +Pogrom was organized violence towards Jews, Anti-Semitism *continued to maintain full control, and did not change and was blinded him from the changing conditions poor ruling
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Reign of Czar Nicholas II (1894-1917)
+Continued with Russian Autocracy
+Russia was still behind other countries with industrialization but still fourth major producer of steel (During the Reign)
+Poor Working conditions led to revolts
+Revolts led to people believing in Karl Marx and two groups one of them known as Bolsheviks
*The Czar's poor reign and government led to people wanting to revolt and therefore started the Bolshevik Revolution -
Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905)
+Russia and Japan competed for control over Korea and Manchuria
+Signed a series of agreements over territories
+Russia broke them and so Japan retaliated and attacked at Port Manchuria
+Japan wins the war, proof of weakness to the Russians (embarrassing) Not industrialized
+Adds to Czar Nicholas negative reputation
*People realized they needed a better government, they were ashamed they lost to an Asian country and led to the invite of Communism, in hopes of better rule. -
Establishment of the Duma (1905-1906)
Czar approved of Duma
+Duma = a Legislature; a bunch of moderates wanting a constitutional monarchy
+Needed to prove to the people or else they would revolt
+Czar dropped it 10 weeks later not wanting to share power
*signifies that the people needed some sort of sign for hope and better rule. That is why they created a Duma, ridding the Duma was a mistake on the Czar's part and slowly led to the revolution -
Bloody Sunday
+200,000 workers and families came asking for better working conditions, more personal freedom, and national legislature (came in peace)
+Czar Nicholas ordered Generals to fire on crowd (Over 1 thousand hurt, hundreds killed)
+Many strikes and violence occurred
+Blamed Czar again
*This was the original provocation towards why the Bolshevik's came to be. If proper conditions were given then people would have not followed Karl Marx and it would not have lead to the group of Bolshevik's -
Russia's participation in WWI (1914-1918)
- Czar Nicholas goes to the War front (helps with war strategy)
- His Wife controls the Government
- Russia has to pull out of the world early (not equipped enough)
- The people are upset of how poorly the Russian's do and do not back off early *Poor regime and use of power led to the uprising of the Bolsheviks wanting to take control
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Death of Rasputin
+Czarina Alexandra was very close to him
+A peasant who did exorcism, a womanizer, drank a lot
+5th child (son) had Rasputin around because believed to help cure her child
+Psychic
+Thought that Rasputin had more of the government power, nobility was worried about
+Try to kill him several times
*The royal family caused all of this and Czarina had a shady man at home, quite careless -
Abdication of Czar Nicholas II/est. of Provisional Government
+March Revolution even soldiers sided = abdication of Czar
+Duma established the provisional government was a temporary government/ headed by Alexander Kerensky
+ Continue of war in World War I, everyone opposed
+Socialist revolutionists formed Soviets/ consisted of workers, peasants, and soldiers
+Possibly more influential than the provisional government
*Due to this the Germans used this unrest to their advantage and had Lenin come back and join the Bolshevik's -
Bolshevik Revolution (1917-1920)
- Lenin and Bolsheviks had major control of major Russian cities +"Peace, land and Bread"
- Bolsheviks without warning took over government, and factories etc.
- Lenin ordered all farmland to be equally distributed +Signed a peace treaty with Germany +Provisional Government is thrown and the Red's win +Gave power to factory workers instead +Public did not like the idea of giving up land and the royal families death *Leads up to why Russia is communist and build up to the USSR
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Civil War (1918-1920)
+Enemies at home = Supported the return of the Czar, democratic rule, and socialists opposing Socialist rule
+There was no agreement between them
+Leon Trotsky led the Red's
+United States even sent help
+14 million died, famine and diseases spread
+Red Army crushed all opposition
+Bolsheviks could seize power and maintain it
*This was the victory the Red's won to set up a communist type of rule, and therefore led to the establishment of the USSR -
Establishment of USSR
+Bolshevik leaders believed that nationalism and unity was a threat to unity and party loyalty
+Organized Russia to have many republics under central government (USSR)
+Renamed themselves the "communist party"
+Claimed to have created a constitution based off of socialist and democratic principles
+Instead Communist Party really held all power
+"a dictatorship of the proletariat"
*Russia remains to be under communist rule and misuses the title of communism -
Stalin's rise to power (1922-1927)
- Cold, hard, and impersonal
- Changed his name in the early bolshevik regime to Stalin; means "man of steel"
- Worked behind the scenes to appoint his supporters power
- Worked as General Secretary in the communist party
- By 1928 had ultimate control of Communist party *His way of how he gained power shows he does not care about the people or the party rather he was selfish about power; ruthless activity = ruthless rule; future of Russia would be dark
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Lenin's Death
- Lenin suffers a stroke in 1922
- He survives but sets competition for the Communist Party
- Most notable men were Leon Trotsky and Joseph Stalin
- Lenin believed Stalin was a dangerous man
- "Comrade Stalin . . . has concentrated enormous power in his hands, and I am not sure that he always knows how to use that power with sufficient caution.” *Lenin nearly dying gave instigated ruthless competitors to want to obtain power; would lead Russia in the wrong hands
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Leon Trotsky's exile
+Stalin had gained ultimate power of communist party
+Forced Trotsky into exile, so that he was no longer a threat
+Stalin then wielded absolute power as dictator
*His exile was a sign of a dark rule that would come after; he hadn't done anything wrong to be exiled instead to maintain power Stalin exiled him
