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1533
Elizabeth I
When Elizabeth ruled parliament had the power to tax and could change and make bills. The monarch also decided matters of foreign policy. Elizabeth died in 1603 with no children. -
1555
Thirty years war
The thirty years war started after the Peace of Augsburg in 1555. They called it the “last of the religious wars” because religion was the reason the war started. The Peace of Westphalia was made then ended the war in 1648 and gave territories Sweden, France and their allies. -
Edict of Nantes
The Edict of Nantes was issued by Henry IV to solve religious problems. The edict of Nantes made the Catholicism the official religion of France. But it gave the Huguenots the right to choose their own religion. -
Time troubles
During 1598 and 1613, the time troubles happened. They were known as the years of severe crisis that almost destroyed the country. -
Restoration
After Oliver Cromwell died while ruling, the army felt unpopular, so they restored the monarchy in 1660. They restored the monarchy to Charles II. The restoration of the Stuart monarchy (restoration period) didn’t mean that the English Revolution was done. -
Cardinal Richelieu
He was in war with the holy roman empire and Spain to get European leadership. He took away political and military rights. -
Louis XIV
Louis XIV claimed divine rights and he called himself the “Sun king”. He also built up to a 400,000-man army. Louis was the best example of royal absolutism. -
English civil war
When England went into the civil war in 1642 between the supporters of the cavaliers or royalist kings and the parliamentary forces called the roundheads. Parliament won because the New model Army was leaded by a military genius named Oliver Cromwell. -
Oliver Cromwell
Oliver Cromwell didn’t like working with the Parliament, so he dissolved it in 1658. Cromwell was an England military dictator till death in 1658. While he ruled, he changed things by closing theaters and banned lots of sports. You also were sent to jail if you swore. -
The test act
The test act was made, in 1673, when Charles II started ruling. They outlawed Catholics to join the military or to work in government. -
Glorious revolution
Some English nobles asked William of Orange, the Dutch Leader, to help them invade England. People that lived in their kingdom wanted things to change so they told William. In the beginning of 1688, he started thinking about when and how they are going to invade England. In November of 1688, William and his army started their journey to London. -
English bill of rights
When William and Mary were offered the throne, they had to sign this document which became the English bill of rights. It ensured that parliament has power over the monarchy. The bill of rights restates laws from the Magna Carta. -
Peter the great
Peter became the new czar in 1689. He began to introduce many different new practices and manner to Russia. Men had to shave their beards and upper-class women could take off their face-covering veils. -
St. Petersburg
In 1703, Peter the Great started building the new capital, St. Petersburg. It was the capital from 1712-1918. -
Charles I
Charles I and his father both believed in divine rights of kings. He passed a petition of rights in 1928.
