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Goethe
German writer and statesman whose writings were very influential on Romantic composers. Wrote many poems that were set to music as lieds -
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Cherubini
Italian composer who wrote the opera Lodoïska -
Period: to
Napoleon Bonaparte
One of the leaders of the French Revolution -
Period: to
Beethoven
Famous composer and pianist who was the transitional figure between Classical and Romantic -
Period: to
Klemenz Wenzel von Metternich
Chancellor of Austria who hosted the Congress of Vienna and changed shape of social activities -
Period: to
E. T. A. Hoffmann
Wrote an article about Beethoven that showed first traits of Romantic Era -
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Manzoni
Italian poet and novelist that Verdi's Requiem was performed for -
Period: to
Carl Maria von Weber
Composed the first German romantic opera -
Period: to
French Revolution
Was the trigger for the global decline of theocracies and absolute monarchies -
Period: to
Meyerbeer
Jewish German composer who studied in Italy and composed French opera -
Period: to
Rossini
Most important opera composer in early 19th century and most famous composer in Europe during same time -
Paris Conservatoire founded
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Schubert
French composer who composed all genres of music, especially lieder -
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Donizetti
Italian opera composer -
Period: to
Bellini
Italian opera composer -
Period: to
Berlioz
Early innovator of new orchestration and genres; French -
Rescue Opera
Type of opera that showcased good triumphing over evil, all about heroism -
Period: to
Fanny Mendelssohn
Sister of Felix and fellow composer, suspected many of her works were credited as Felix's -
Period: to
Felix Mendelssohn
Composed most genres and revived J.S. Bach's music in Leipzig -
Character Piece
Solo piano piece that was short and 1 movement long -
Tone Poem
1 movement orchestral work that was usually programmatic -
Lieder
Poetry settings and emotional expression that were cheap to perform and share, usually song -
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Robert Schumann
Early romantic composer who was more important as an editor/promoter -
Period: to
Frédéric Chopin
Virtuoso pianist and composer, all works written for piano -
More Changes
More varied tempo, Rubato, optional symmetry -
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Liszt
Piano virtuoso, writer, conductor, innovator, and Wagner supporter -
Period: to
Wagner
German opera composer who changed opera, harmony, and music in general -
Period: to
Verdi
Most important Italian composer in mid-late 19th century, opera composer and hailed as a hero of Italy -
Congress of Vienna
Tasked w/ reorganizing Europe and other various issues -
Romantic Era Traits
Chromaticism (melodic and harmonic), more minor keys, larger orchestras, longer pieces, more brass/percussion, non-chord tones, poetic in style. Composers > performers -
Biedermeier Culture
Two kinds of music, one domestic and the other is deeper. Bildung meant music was intellectual formation and growth -
Romantic Era Program Music
Concert Overtures, Program Symphonies, Symphonic Poems -
Ophicleide
Keyed brass instrument w/ similar range to trombone, did not last in popularity -
"Wanderer Above the Sea of Fog"
Painting by Caspar David Friedrich that captures romantic aesthetic and idea of longing -
Carlsbad Decrees
Placed severe limits on freedom of expression via individuals -
Der Freischütz
First German romantic opera written/performed -
Period: to
Clara Schumann
Virtuoso pianist, composer, and wife of Robert Schumann -
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Offenbach
French opera composer known for opérettes -
Program Music
Music had a program and was associated w/ something outside of the music, usually a story or poem. Mixed feelings on it -
Period: to
Smetana
Bohemian w/ programmatic cycle of symphonic poems. He is the founder of Czech music and was inspired by Liszt and Wagner -
Period: to
Gottschalk
American nationalist and composer, born in New Orleans. Studied in Paris -
Symphonie fantastique
Composed by Berlioz, monumentally influential piece; most of our modern orchestrating comes from it -
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Brahms
Youngest composer of Circle of Friends; German romantic composer who continued the classical traditions -
Period: to
Bizet
Blended styles into opéra comique w/ Carmen -
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Tchaikovsky
Musically trained in the west; composing 8 operas, 7 symphonies, 3 piano concertos, 1 violin concerto, symphonic poems, overtures, chamber, keyboard, choral music, and songs -
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Dvorak
Czech composer -
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Grieg
Norwegian -
Period: to
Elgar
English composer -
Period: to
Albéniz
Spanish composer -
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Paderewski
Polish pianist and composer who would become the prime minister and foreign minister in 1919 -
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Mahler
Known first as a conductor and a composer secondly. Bohemian who bridged Austro-German romantic traditions with those of the 20th century -
Period: to
Delius
English composer -
Period: to
Sibelius
Finnish composer -
Period: to
The Five
Group of Russian composers (only one a trained musician) who worked in collaboration. Consisted of Mily Balakirev, Alexander Borodin, César Cui, Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov, and Modest Musorgsky -
Period: to
Granados
Spanish composer -
Period: to
Manuel de Falla
Spanish composer