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United States v. Verdugo-Urquirdez, 110 S. Ct. 3039 (1990)
This case involved the definition and use of the term "the people" in the Fourth Amendment... The verdict: that the term "the people", had the same meaning as the Preamble to the Constitution and when used in the First, Fourth, and Ninth Amendments. Defined as, "at least all citizens and legal aliens while in the United States", meant that there was resolution of any doubt that it guarantees any Individual right... -
U.S. v. ALFONSO LOPEZ, JR.
When a 12th grade student was charged with violating the Gun-Free School Zones Act of 1990, even though he pleaded guilty, and admitted to the crime, he later challenged the indictment, saying, "is unconstitutional as it is beyond the power of Congress to legislate control over our public schools." Verdict: 922(q) "Is a constitutional exercise of Congress' well-defined power to regulate activities in and affecting commerce, and the `business' of elementary, middle and high schools." -
U.S. v. ALFONSO LOPEZ, JR. APPEAL
When able to appeal, he challenged his conviction based on the claim that the Gun-Free-School-Zones-Act of 1990 exceeded Congress' power to legislate under the Commerce Clause. Verdict: The reversion of his conviction, due to the Court of Appeals agreeing that, "It held that, in light of what it characterized as insufficient congressional findings and legislative history, "section 922(q), in the full reach of its terms, is invalid as beyond the power of Congress under the Commerce Clause." -
District of Columbia v. Heller
Case dispute: That D.C.'s law banning registration of handguns and owning a gun within homes was unconstitutional and infringing upon the second amendment.
The verdict: That the bans did infringe upon his 2nd amendment rights, and this shows that states can't enforce unreasonable and infringing laws, thet restrict the 2nd amendment right, especially when taken to court... -
McDONALD vs. Chicago
Similar to the D.C. vs. Heller case, this battle was over that the government cannot prohibit the possession of handguns in the home. Verdict: the verdict helped decide the balance between state and federal government, by which the state government should or should not regulate major urban areas with crime problems. After submitting the case to appeals, McDonald won because of the 14th amendment which guarantees equal protection of the laws...
