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- Revolution in Naples
Seeing that the Spaniards were taking up arms against the absolute monarchy, the liberals of the Kingdom of Naples understood that another reality was possible. In July 1820, a revolt broke out in the city of Naples. The uprising had been prepared by the Carbonari, an Italian nationalist and liberal group led by Guglielmo Pepe, whose goal was the unification of the Italian peninsula. The movement was a success and Ferdinand I was forced to sign the Constitution proposed by the rebels. -
- Liberal triennium
After his return to Spain, after the end of the War of Independence, in 1814, Ferdinand VII is characterized as a repressive and authoritarian monarch who imposes the return to the absolutism of the Old Regime. Spain input a liberal regime by criticising the absolutist regime categorised by Ferdinand VII with the help of a seizure of power. This movement was known as liberal triennium as it lasted three years (1820 - 1823). -
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LIBERAL REVOLUTIONS
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First wave
Having the Congress of Vienna and the principles of the French Revolution as inspiration, a new group of revolutions took place. -
- War of Independence of Greece
Being controlled by the Turkish empire, Greece struggled to gain independence and authority. This particular revolution was the armed conflict waged by Greek revolutionaries between 1821 and 1830 against the rule of the Ottoman Empire. The Greeks were later assisted by several European powers such as the Russian Empire, the Kingdom of France and the United Kingdom. Likewise, they conquered their difficulties in 1830. -
- Revolution of 1830
Starting with France, along with the decision of taking Louis Philippe d’Orléans as ruler to start a constitutional monarchy to help construct a tolerant reign, they achieved to fully dispose of the absolute authority. The Revolution of 1830 arose in France, mainly as a reaction against the illiberal measures adopted by King Charles X, successor of Louis XVIII. This revolution began with the so-called July Revolution or the Three Glorious Days (Trois Glorieuses). -
- The November Uprising
The fuse of the Revolutions of 1830, which had started in Paris and passed through Belgium, reached Poland at the end of the year. In Poland, a nationalist revolution was held in order to battle against the ruling of the Russian Empire. It was not a success, but rather a step backwards for all the inhabitants of the country. Polish nationalists were divided between those who wanted real autonomy and those who sought independence and a constitutional regime. -
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Second wave
Following the reasons of the first wave, a new surge was initiated, having as their main reason their opposing opinion about absolute monarchies and the Restoration system. -
- Belgium’s Revolution
After a weary lifetime of being under Netherlands’ restraint, Belgium conclusively gained their ability to obtain leadership in 1831. A month after the French movement, a nationalist revolution broke out in Brussels which was joined by the rest of Belgium. The insurrectionists declared their separation from Holland and the constitution of the independent kingdom of Belgium. The differences between Belgians and Dutch were mainly sectarian: the former were Catholics and the latter were Calvinists. -
- The French Revolution of 1848
The French Revolution of 1848 was a popular uprising that took place in Paris from February 23 to 25, 1848. It forced King Louis-Philippe I of France to abdicate and ushered in the Second French Republic, this revolution against Louis-Philippe d'Orléans succeeded in establishing a democratic republic. However the fear of socialism caused Louis Napoleon, nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte, to win the elections for president. Thus was born the II French Empire. -
- March Revolution (1848 - 1849)
Also known as the March Revolution, this was a revolutionary event that took place between March 1848 and the end of 1849 in the German Confederation. The main goal of the revolution, according to Hagen Schulze, was "to achieve a German nation state, based on popular sovereignty and human rights, integrating all German territories." In the end, both the particular revolutions and this attempt to bring about a united Germany under a relatively progressive sign failed. -
- Revolution of Italy in 1848
The revolutionary fire that rose in Paris and Vienna in 1848 also reached the Italian peninsula. There were feelings of unity and leaders lingering from the previous conflicts that led the Italians to a partial victory, which, however, turned out to be a bitter defeat. At that time Austria had an undisputed domination of the peninsula, applying Metternich's "Italy as a geographical expression", suppressing any nationalist attempt. -
- The Wallachian Revolution
The Wallachian Revolution of 1848 was a liberal Romanian movement and a romantic nationalist uprising that developed mainly in the region of Wallachia, in the south of present-day Romania. This uprising was intended to expel the government imposed by the Russian Empire through the Regulamentul Organic. The movement succeeded in its intentions to overthrow Prince Gheorghe Bibescu, who was replaced by a provisional government and a dominion. -
- The Revolution of Spain in 1848
The revolutionary wave of 1848 had little repercussions in Spain, although it is worth mentioning two frustrated uprisings in March and May on the part of some progressive sectors, who, fed up with the moderate and repressive government of Narváez, tried to reverse the situation by force. However, in 1848, after the news of the revolution that had overthrown the king of France became known in Spain, a good number of progressives, inactive until then, joined the conspirators. -
- Revolution in the Habsburg States
In the Austrian Empire, certain reforms were attempted, forced by the revolutionary pressure in all the territories of the plurinational empire. Magyars, Slavs and Romanians were becoming increasingly aware of their individuality and wanted it to be recognized by the emperor and the chancellor. Always receiving missives and harsh repression in response, they opted for the alternative plan: to unite and form a powerful alliance. -
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Springtime of Nations (aka the third wave)
Following the infamous reputation of history, the third wave, also known as “Springtime of Nations” took place. This revolution was driven by democratic liberalism, nationalism and strangely socialism.