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SANDHURST MANIFIESTO
Antonio Cánovas del Castillo (the leader of the future Conservative party) wrote a manifiesto in Sandhurst, where he promised a constitutional government. -
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REIGN OF ALFONSO XII
In 1875 the monarchy was restored under Alfonso XII of Bourbon, son of Isabella II
It was made posibble by two processes:
-Through the political manoeuvring of Antonio Cánovas del Castillo, who helped achieve Queen Isabella II's abdication in favour of her son Alfonso XII.
-Through a pronunciamiento (military revolution) by general Martínez Campos in Sagunto, Alfonso XII was proclaimed king. -
PSOE IS FOUNDED
The Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) was founded by Pablo Iglesias and was consolidated by the huge surge in the labour movement during this period -
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REGENCY OF MARIA CHRISTINA
After the death of Alfonso XII in 1885, the Restoration was maintained by the regency of Maria Christina while her son, Alfonso XIII, was still a child. -
BASES DE MANRESA
Place where the Catalan nationalism demanded official status for the Catalan language, the establishment of Catalan political parties and courts, and Catalan autonomy. The proposals were written by Prat de la Riba -
TEATRY OF PARIS
US forced Spain to sign it, where they recognised the independence of Cuba, Puerto Rico and the Philippines. -
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REIGN OF ALFONSO XIII
Alfonso XIII acceded to the throne in 1902 in a political environment characterised by the crisis of Cánovas del Castillo's political system, the influence of regenerationism and the deaths of Cánovas (1897) and Sagasta (1903). When studying his reign, historians usually look at two stages, divided by the crisis of 1917.
-The continued practice of party rotation (1902-1917)
-The crisis of the Cánovas system (1917-1923) -
TRAGIC WEEK
A series of violent protests that took place -
DISASTER AT ANNUAL
A brutal defeat that Spain suffered against Morocco in the Rif War, resulting in 10.000 deaths and widespread public commotion, negatively influencing public opinion -
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DICTATORSHIP OF PRIMO DE RIVERA
The dictatorship of Primo de Rivera went into two stages, which had two different governments
-The Military Directory (1923-1925): In this stage, Primo de Rivera suspended the Constitution, dissolved the Cortes, prohibited political parties, supressed the labour movement and defeated the Moroccans after the Alhucemas landing (1925)
-The Civil Directory (1925-1930): The military victory in Morocco and the economic boom of the 1920s helped Primo de RIvera until 1930, when he was forced to resign. -
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THE SECOND REPUBLIC
After the Second Republic was proclaimed, a provisional government was formed, made up of Republicans, socialists and nationalists who held elections for the Constituent Cortes in June 1931. The left-wing parties won a majority and drafted a new constitution, the Constitution of 1931. Azaña(The leader of a coalition government) was forced to resign in 1933 and elections were called. In 1936 the assasination of José Calvo Sotelo paved the way for a military insurrection. -
PROCLAMATION OF SECOND SPANISH REPUBLIC
The citizens' disapproval of the king's support for the dictatorship led to significant Republican victories in the 1931 municipal elections for several major cities. The King went into exile and the Second Republic was declared -
OCTOBER REVOLUTION
The new government halted the majority of the previous reforms, which led to an increase in strikes and more actions by left-wing parties. CEDA then demanded positions in the government. This sparked the October Revolution, which was most intense in Asturias and Barcelona -
TRAGIC SPRING
A wave of attacks and street violence between staunch falangist, communist and anarchist activists. -
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THE SPANISH CIVIL WAR
The coup d'état began in Melilla, Tetuán and Ceuta and the next day it spread throughout Spain.
The country was divided into two zones, the Republican zone and the 'Nationalist' zone, and the military coup turned into a long civil war.
The 'Nationalist' won the war, that caused more than 380.000 deaths and 350.000 political exiles. At the end, Franco imposed a dictatorial political system. -
BOMBING OF GERNIKA
Bombing by German air force Condor's Legion in the Cantabrian Coast -
END OF THE CIVIL WAR 2
The insurgents took Catalonia in 1939 and entered Madrid with no resistance, and the Civil War ended with their victory, led by Franciso Franco