Renaissance Reformation

Sale of indulgences

1095

Well known Catholic method of exploitation in the Middle ages was the practice of selling indulgences. Was used to raise money on behalf of important patrons like the pope. Was needed to build the St. Peters Basilica.

Inquisition

1184

A court established by the Roman Catholic Church in the thirteenth century. It was to try cases of heresy and other offenses against the church. The Inquisition is infamous for the severity of its tortures and its persecution of Jews and Muslims

Humanism

1400

Humanism promoted the idea that humans are at the center of their own universe. New interest in the classical world and studies which focused less on religion.

Johan Gutenberg

Jun 24, 1400

German inventor of the method of printing from moveable type. Born to a patrician family in Mainz worked at such crafts of goldsmithing and gem hunting. Started his own printing shop by 1450.

Perspective

1415

Was invented by a 15th century Italian architect and engineer Filippo Brunelleschi. Demonstrated a mathematical approach that proved how forms and space shrink in size. It is Linear.

Printing Revolution

1440

Johann Gutenberg's invention of movable-type printing quickened the spread of knowledge. The printing revolution also contributed to the Protestant Reformation that split the Catholic Church. Helped disseminate knowledge wider and faster than ever before.

Lorenzo de' Medici

Jan 1, 1449

Was a Florentine statesman, ruler, and patron of arts and letters. Was the most brilliant of the Medici. Remembered as The Magnificent for his Political astuteness also with his art skills.

Leonardo da' Vinci

Apr 15, 1452

Worked as a Military Engineer to invent advanced and deadly weapons. One of the greatest painters of the Italian Renaissance. Man with great personal appeal, kindness, and generosity.

Machiavelli

May 3, 1469

Was an Italian Renaissance political Philosopher and statesman. Also the secretary of the Florentine Republic. Was famous for shifting the sense of Virtue from moral worth to effectiveness.

Michelangelo

Mar 6, 1475

Sculptor, Painter, and Architect. Considered one of the greatest painters of the Renaissance. His work showed a blend of psychological insight, physical realism, and intensity never seen before.

Thomas More

Feb 7, 1478

Recognized for his intelligence, impartiality, and his wisdom. He had his most famous work which was Utopia. Rose through the ranks of Parliament, and earned King Henry VIII's favor until he became the lord chancellor in 1529.

Raphael

Apr 6, 1483

A master painter and architect in the Italian high Renaissance. Known for his Madonnas for his figure composition in Vatican. He had a gracious and affable personality.

Martin Luther

Nov 10, 1483

German Theologian and religious reformer who has the catalyst of the 16th century Protestant Reformation. Made the 95 theses. Fought against the Catholic church.

Thomas Cranmer

Jul 2, 1489

The first Protestant archbishop of canterbury. Was an advisor to the English's kings Henry VIII and Edward VI.

Henry VIII

Jun 28, 1491

Was a powerful man, and charismatic figure. Known for his tumultuous love life. He was also credited with establishing the Royal Navy.

John Calvin

Jul 10, 1509

Was a French Lawyer, theologian, and ecclesiastical statesman. Most important person in the second generation of the protestant Reformation. His most famous idea was predestination.

William Shakespeare

Apr 26, 1564

Was a renowned English poet, playwright, and actor. Was the greatest dramatist of all time. He was honest and of an open and free nature.

Scientific Method

1930

Process of objectively establishing facts through testing and experimentation. The process involves making an observation, forming a hypothesis, making a prediction (etc.) A hypothesis must be phrased in a way that it can be proved or disproved.