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1498 BCE
Christopher Columbus Lands in the New World
*He thought the New World was East Asia at first
*Columbus met with King John II of Portugal and tried to persuade him to back his “Enterprise of the Indies”
*he was also rejected at least twice by King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella
*On August 3, 1492, Columbus set sail from Palos, Spain
*December the expedition landed on Hispaniola, which Columbus thought might be Japan. He established a small colony there with 39 of his men -
Period: 1095 to 1291
Crusades Were Fought
- Women even fought, they would were men clothes
- The main goal of the crusades was to control Jerusalem and the Holy Land. It was significant to different groups for different reasons
- The crusades were fought mainly between the Arabs that controlled Jerusalem and Europe's armies
- The first crusade was fought between 30,000 soldiers from Europe and the Seljuk Turks
- The main crusades took place over a period of 200 years. They began in 1095 and continued until 1272.
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Spanish Armada
*Phillip II was the monarch during this time period
*Queen Elizabeth I sent seadogs in the ocean to fight
*Phillip thought he needed to invade and conquer England to convert it back to the Church of Rome
*The Spanish Armada was a Spanish fleet of 130 ships that sailed from La Coruña
*under the command of the Duke of Medina Sidonia with the purpose of escorting an army from Flanders to invade England -
1300
Renaissance Begins
The Renaissance occurred from the early 14th century to the late 16th century. The invention of the Gutenberg printing press in 1450 is a milestone which marks the beginning of the Renaissance. Artists like Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo created greats works of art during this time. The Renaissance was a time when Venice was the world’s busiest seaport and Florence was the heart of great art. The word ‘renaissance’ is a French word which means ‘rebirth’ -
1337
100 Year War Begins
England dominated the initial phase of Hundred Years’ War under Edward III. Hundred Years’ War was caused by confiscation of Aquitaine. Treaty of Bretigny brought the first phase of the War to an end. Under Charles V, France reconquered almost all of its ceded territory. Battle of Agincourt was the greatest victory for England in the Hundred Years’ War -
1347
Black Death Begins
The black death was a horrible part of history. In this time almost the whole population in Europe got wiped out. There would be lumps on your neck, you would cough blood. A lot of people thought it was a punishment from God. Also, some people started a riot a killed others. -
May 30, 1431
Joan of Arc Burned at the Stake
Joan was a Catholic Saint. When she was burned at the stake he was only 19 years old. She was a daughter of a farmer. Some doctors and scholars have “diagnosed” Joan of Arc with disorders ranging from epilepsy to schizophrenia. Joan was a commander of the French army, yet she didn't participate in wars. -
1439
Johannes Gutenburg Printing press
The first printing press was first invented around 1439. Johannes borrowed 800 guilders from a local financier so he could purchase the tools to create the printing press. It was actually created in an attempt to offset losses from a failed attempt selling metal mirrors. This credited with revolutionizing the production of books. This also lead to many religions spreading. -
Apr 6, 1453
Fall Of Constantinople
*capture of the capital of the Byzantine Empire by an invading army of the Ottoman Empire on 29 May 1453
*Before the siege began, the entire civilian population, including the City's priests, nuns, and monks, came out to refortify the walls.
*The siege of the City lasted 54 days
*an estimated 15,000 were killed by the Turks while some 30,000 were chained and dragged to the docks on the Golden Horn
*The Turks had an army of 80,000-100,000 men -
Nov 1, 1478
The Start of the Spanish Inquisition
- The Inquisition was originally intended primarily to identify heretics among those who converted from Judaism and Islam to Catholicism
- was established in 1478 by Catholic Monarchs Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile.
- The Spanish Inquisition is often cited in popular literature and history as an example of Catholic intolerance and repression. *The Inquisition was not definitively abolished until 1834 *The Spanish Inquisition operated in in Spain, all Spanish Colonies
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Period: Aug 3, 1492 to
Columbian Exchange
The Columbian Exchange was the widespread transfer of plants, animals, culture, human populations, technology, and ideas between the Americas and the Old World. During this, slaves were being traded for raw goods, they were also being treated badly. Other countries got new crops and supplies from other countries. Fun fact, before the Columbian Exchange the Old World hadn’t seen a tomato. To add to slaves being mistreated, Native American tribes were wiped out due to the Columbian Exchange -
1506
Mona Lisa Completed
The Mona Lisa was painted by Leonardo Da Vinci. The painting begun in 1503 or 1504 in Florence, Italy. In approximately took 3 years to finish the painting overall. There are three previous layers beneath the Mona Lisa depicting her in different poses. In 1911 the Mona Lisa disappeared from the Louvre in Paris. -
1508
Michelangelo begins painting the Sistine Chapel
Michelangelo painted the Sistine Chapel ceiling between 1508 and 1512. The chapel was built within the Vatican between 1477 and 1480 by Pope Sixtus. At the beginning Michelangelo didn't want to do anything with the ceiling. He also hated it so much he wrote a poem about his misery do so. Also, Michelangelo’s Sistine Chapel art was touched up, and stripped down, in the 1980s and 1990s -
Period: Apr 21, 1509 to Jan 28, 1547
King Henry VIII Reign
King Henry VIII had 6 different wives in his lifetime. He weighed over 400 pounds before he died. He was king for 38 years. Also, out of all of his wives he beheaded two of them because they had baby girls instead of boys. Also, in 1534, Henry VIII declared himself supreme head of the Church of England. From 1514 to 1529, he had relied on Thomas Wolsey, a Catholic cardinal, to guide his domestic and foreign policies. -
1512
"The Prince"
Niccolò Marchiavelli wrote a book called "The Prince". The book for unscrupulous politicians that inspired the term "Machiavellian" and established its author as the "father of modern political theory". He also wrote several poems and plays. Niccolò died on June 21, 1527. He tried to form a militia against the return of the Medici family. -
Oct 31, 1517
Martin Luther posts 94 thesis
Martin Luther was born Eisleben, Germany in 1483. Martin didn't believe in indulgences in the Catholic church. He also was the first person to write it in Latin. Martin's writings change the course of religious and cultural history in the West. Also, the Catholic Church was ever after divided, and the Protestantism that soon emerged was shaped by Luther’s ideas -
Aug 13, 1521
Cortez Conquers the Aztecs
*Tlaxcalan warriors led by Hernán Cortés and Xicotencatl the Younger captured the emperor Cuauhtemoc and Tenochtitlan, the capital of the Aztec Empire.
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Period: Aug 25, 1530 to
Ivan the Terrible's Reign
*He was the grandson of Ivan the Great
*an era marked by the conquest of the khanates of Kazan, Astrakhan and Siberia
* Ivan the Terrible created a centrally controlled Russian state, imposed by military dominance
*Many thought he was mentally ill
*He killed his own son -
Period: Sep 7, 1533 to
Queen Elizabeth's Reign
- Queen of England and Ireland from 17 November 1558 until her death *Sometimes called The Virgin Queen, Gloriana or Good Queen Bess, Elizabeth was the last monarch of the House of Tudor *She depended heavily on a group of trusted advisers, led by William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley *One of her first actions as queen was the establishment of an English Protestant church, of which she became the Supreme Governor *she wanted to evolve the Church of England
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Period: 1545 to 1563
Counter Reformation
The Counter Reformation started in 1545 and ended in 1563, The second period of the Reformation started until 1590. It began after Martin Luther's reformation. As for results due to this the Catholics did two things they doubled their efforts, and they also stressed some points of faith that the Protestants' objections had put in danger. -
1555
Peace of Augsburg
*temporary settlement within the Holy Roman Empire of the religious conflict arising from the Reformation
*Each prince was to determine whether Lutheranism or Roman Catholicism was to prevail in his lands
*promulgated on September 25, 1555, by the Diet of the Holy Roman Empire assembled earlier that year at Augsburg.
*Happened in Germany
*Decided what religion you wanted to be -
Edict of Nantes
*signed in April 1598 by King Henry IV of France,
*granted the Calvinist Protestants of France substantial rights in the nation
*The Edict was revoked by Louis XIV in 1685, causing many Huguenots to emigrate.
*It granted freedom of worship and legal equality for Huguenots within limits, and ended the Wars of Religion
*granted the Calvinist Protestants of France substantial rights in the nation -
Period: to
Era of the Samurai
*The samurai were the warriors of premodern Japan
*Samurai employed a range of weapons such as bows and arrows, spears and guns, but their main weapon and symbol was the sword.
* Minamoto Yoritomo emerged victorious and set up a new military government in 1192, led by the shogun or supreme military commander.
*Japan splintered into dozens of independent states constantly at war with one another
*The country was eventually reunited in the late 1500s -
William Shakespeare's Death
*He was buried in Holy Trinity Church in Stratford, the same place he was baptized.
*was happening during the time: plague, syphilis, typhus, scurvy, tuberculosis, smallpox, malaria, dysentery and toothaches
* Shakespeare had seven siblings
*One of Shakespeare’s relatives on his mother’s side, William Arden, was arrested for plotting against Queen Elizabeth I, imprisoned in the Tower of London and executed.
*performed Queen Elizabeth I and, later, James I -
Petition of Rights
*major English constitutional document that sets out specific liberties of the subject that the king is prohibited from infringing.
*The duty of that government is to protect the natural rights of the people, which Locke believed to include life, liberty, and property.
* Parliamentary declaration of the rights and liberties of the people, assented to by Charles I
*As a precondition to granting any future taxes, in 1628 Parliament forced the King to assent to the Petition of Right -
King Charles the First Executed
*He died in London
*beheaded for treason
*Charles ascended to the English throne in 1625 following the death of his father
*In the first year of his reign, Charles offended his Protestant subjects by marrying Henrietta Maria, a Catholic French princess
* He later responded to political opposition to his rule by dissolving Parliament on several occasions -
Lord George MaCartney Expelled
*was a British statesman, colonial administrator and diplomat
*Macartney was the Governor of Grenada from 1776 to 1779
*Macartney was the Governor of Madras from 1781 to 1785
*After being created Earl Macartney in the Irish peerage (1792), he was appointed the first envoy of Britain to China, after the failure of a number of previous embassies, including Cathcart's
*The embassy returned to Britain in 1794 without obtaining any concession from China -
Period: to
Slave Trade
*there were more than 12 million slaves from Africa
*slaves were mostly used for working on farms, mines, and work for their owners
*late as 1820, nearly four Africans had crossed the Atlantic for every European. About four out of every five females that traversed the Atlantic were from Africa
*only 10.7 out of the 12 million survived the trip to America
*No less than 26% on board were classified as children -
Period: to
Opium War
The Opium War lasted for awhile. It was a war between China and the British, and France. Even though they were fighting the British needed porcelain, silk, and tea, to take back to Europe. The first Opium War ended with a unequal treaty. The second Opium war started around when trading slaves was popular.
