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1485
Reign of Elizabeth 1
She restored Protestantism and lead protestant reforms. She set up the Church of England called the Anglican Church. -
1494
The Italian Wars
The Italian Wars were a series of wars for the control of Italy. -
Oct 31, 1517
Martin Luther writes 95 thesis
Luther writes his 95 thesis disagreeing with the Pope about his authority and power, selling of indulgences, and the teachings of the church. -
1524
Peasants' War
Peasants inspired by the Reformation seeked change and freedom for their lives. -
1536
John Calvin's Institutes of the Christian Religion
Calvin wrote a collection of book called the Institutes of the Christian Religion about ideas about God, salvation, and human nature. -
1538
Act of Supremacy in England
The parliament passed the Act of Supremacy which made the right of Henry VIII to be the supreme head on Earth of the Church of England -
1542
Start of Roman Inquisition
The purpose of this inquisition was to get rid of heresy throughout Europe and in America. They tortuerd and persecuted Muslims and Jews. -
1543
Copernicus publishes On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies
Achievements:
1) heliocentric theory- sun centered universe
2) formulated the quantity theory of money -
1545
Council of Trent
The Council of Trent was the Catholics reply to the Protestant reformation. It reaffirmed the authority of the Catholic Church, reformed the abuses of the Church, and established a better education clergy. -
1555
Peace of Augsburg
German princes and protestants met up and each ruler declared the religion of their own state. -
1559
Scotland Becomes Calvinist
John Knox spread and put Calvinist ideas to work. He made Scotland's official religion Calvinism. Each community church was governed by a group of laymen or presbyters. -
1572
St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre
It was a turning point in the French Wars of Religion. It was a massacre of targeted assigns to the Huguenots. -
Edict of Nantes
It ended the French Wars of Religion by granting tolerance to Protestantism. Henry IV of France signed it and gave huge measure of religious liberty to his subjects. -
Bacon publishes The Advancement of Learning, Norum Organum
Achievments:
1) developed Scientific Method with Descartes
2) Theory that scientific knowledge must come from the observation of nature through inductive reasoning -
Galileo publishes Starry Messenger
Achievements:
1) observation of telescope of the solar system
2) confirmed the idea that the sun is the center of the planets -
Descartes publishes Meditations on First Philosophy
Acheievements:
1) developed analytical geometry
2) encouraged scientists to use math and logic instead of experimenting to make new observations -
Hobbes publishes Leviathan
Achievments:
1) developed the social contract
2) believed that a ruler was always needed to keep the citizens in control. Government was an absolute monarchy. -
Locke publishes A Letter Concerning Toleration
Achievments:
1) people can learn from experience and improve themsleves
2) criticized absolute monarchy and favored the idea of self-governemnt -
Montesquieu publishes The Spirit of Laws
Achievments:
1) Division of government and separation of powers
2) Checks and balances -
Voltaire publishes Candide
Achievments:
1) fought for tolerance, reason, freedom of religion, and freedom of speech
2) his writings gave the Founding Fathers critical concepts to create a new form of government -
Rousseau publishes the Social Contract
Achievments:
1) he won recognition of writer of essays
2) guaranteed in the U.S. Billof Rights and French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen