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1439
Johannes Gutenberg "invents" the printing press.
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1483
Martin Luther Born
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1492
1492 Reconquista ends in Spain ; Columbus' First Voyage
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1500
Michelangelo Finishes the Pieta.
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1501
Martin Luther Begins Studying Law
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1505
Martin Luther Becomes a Monk
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1506
Leonardo da Vinci Completes the Mona Lisa
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1509
Henry VIII Becomes King of England
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1511
Raphael Completes the School of Athens
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1512
Michelangelo Finishes Sistine Chapel Celling
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1512
Luther Begins Teaching at University of Wittenberg
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1513
Machiavelli writes the Prince.
This work introduces a realist and amoral approach to politics that advises princes and leaders to appear religious and moral but be ready to sacrifice morals and virtues at any moment and use whatever force or tactic is necessary to hold onto power. As a Humanist, Machiavelli draws heavily from classical examples to support his points. -
1515
Luther Has Breakthrough While Studying Scripture
While teaching on Romans, Luther realizes faith and justification are the work of God -
1516
Erasmus publishes his Latin and Greek translation of the New Testament
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1517
The Ottomans Gaun Control of Egypt and the Levant
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1517
Zwingli Begins Reforms in City of Zurich
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Oct 31, 1517
Luther Posts 95 Theses
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1519
Charles V Becomes Holy Roman Emperor
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1519
Leipzig Disputation
Luther publicly debates his ideas. -
1521
Cortez Conquers the Aztecs for Spain in Mexico
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1521
Diet of Worms
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1522
Magellan's Crew Completes Sailing Around the Globe
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1524
German Peasants War
Thus inspires Luther to leave the tower to bring order to his reforms. -
1525
Luther Marries Katie
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1526
Suleman the Magnificent Conquers Balkans, Hungary
The Ottoman Empire now controls much of southern and Central Europe -
1527
1527 Ottomans Stooped at Vienna
With the aid of Protestant forces, Charles V stops the Ottoman conquest of the Holy Roman Empire. -
1527
Protestant Reformation Begins in Sweden along Lutheran Lines
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1529
The Colloquy of Marburg
Luther and Zwingli (along with other Swiss Reformers) split. -
1529
Henry VIII Begins Seeking Divorce from Catherine of Aragon
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1530
The Augsburg Confession Outlines Lutheranism
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1532
Pizzaro Conquers the Incas
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1532
John Calvin becomes Protestant
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1534
Canada Claimed for the French
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1534
Henry VIII Declared Supreme Head of Church of England
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1534
Anti-Catholic Protest Begins in France
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1535
Anabaptists take over Muenster
The rebellion ends in violence, turning many against Anabaptists. -
1536
Henry VIII Begins to Dissolve Monasteries in England
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1536
Calvin publishes first version of Institutes
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1538
Calvin Kicked Out of Geneva
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1539
Spanish explore middle of North America
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1540
Jesuits Founded
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1541
Calvin Invited to Return to Geneva
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1543
Copernicus publishes his theory that the Earth and the other planets revolve around the Sun
This overturns the Classical and Medieval cosmology. -
Period: 1545 to 1563
Council of Rewnt
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1547
Ivan the Terrible Named First Tzar of Russia
This creates the modern Russian Empire. The title Tzar is "Caesar". Russia is declaring itself the continuation of the Byzantine/Roman Empire in Eastern Europe -
1547
Edward I becomes King of England
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1549
Key Swiss Reformers Come to Agreement on Key Issues
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1553
1553 Mary Tudor Becomes Queen of England
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1558
Elizabeth I Becomes Queen of England
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1559
The Act of Uniformity makes the 1559 Book of Common Prayer the standard in the Church of England
Those who see it as not going dar enough become the early Puritans. -
1560
Scottish Parliament Declares Scotland Protestant
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1560
Protestant Plot to Kidnap French King Discovered
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1562
French Wars of Religion Begin
Prominent Protestant and Catholic noble families fight for control. -
1564
Calvin Dies
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1565
St. Augustine Florida Founded by Spanish
This is the oldest continuously inhabited city founded by Europeans in North America -
1568
Mary, Queen of Scots, Flees to Elizabeth for Protection
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1571
Thirty Nine Articles Define Anglicanism
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1572
Massacre of St. Bartholomew's Day,
Greatest massacre of Protestants (Huguenots) in France -
1579
Protestant Dutch Republic Declares Itself Independent from Spain
Elizabeth and the English support the Dutch. -
1582
Pope Gregory XIII issues the Gregorian calendar, replacing the Julian Calendar
Initially, Protestant and Eastern Orthodox countries refuse to adopt it. -
Period: to
Failed English Colony of Roanoke
This was the first attempt at English colonization of North America. -
Mary, Queen of Scots is executed by Elizabeth I.
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England Defeats Spanish Armada
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First Shakespeare Plays Published
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Romeo and Juliet Gains Shakespeare Popularity
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Globe Theater Built
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Edict of Nantes Ends French Wars of Religion
Henry of Navarre, the leader of Protestant forces in France, becomes king in exchange for converting to Catholicism. However, he secures greater religious freedom for Protestants (Huguenots) -
Elizabeth I Dies