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Alexander I
Alexander was intially fairly liberal and ruled as an Enlightened Despot, however, after the fall of Napoleon, he became reactionary. Opposition groups soon arose. -
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Louis XVIII
Louis XVIII was the first of the Bourbon Family to be restored to the throne after Napoleon. He was a moderate leader and kept in place many of the changes that Napoleon had made. -
Germanic Confederation
The Congress of Vienna recognized the 32 independent German States as the German Confederation, though it remained ununified. -
Union of Netherlands and Belgium
The Netherlands were unified with the House of Orange as the monarchs. The Belgians seceeded from Netherlands to form their own country. -
Peterloo Massacre
British troops shot down protesters of the Corn Laws, killing 11 unarmed citizens. -
Revolt in Southern Italy and Sardinia
The Holy Alliance would not tolerate revolution, so they sent an army to the south and crushed the rebels. -
Period: to
Charles X
Charles X was considered an ultraroyalist, granting privileges back to the aristocracy and enforcing the control of the Catholic Church. His policies sent France to the brink of another revolution. -
Period: to
Tsar Nicholas 1
The revolt transformed Nicholas from a conservative to a reactionary as he desperately tried to avoid revolution. He created a secret police force and strengthened the bureaucracy to report political opponents. -
Decembrist Revolt
The military leaders of the Northern Union revolted against the accession of Nicholas to the throne. The rebels were crushed by loyalist troops, and their leaders were executed. -
July Revolution
The July Revolution is considered the Second French Revolution. It was an immediate response to Charles's set of edicts that censored the press, disolved the legislative assembly, and reduced the electorate. -
Belgian Independence
Belgians revolted against the Netherlands. Most were Catholic and the Netherlands was still Protestant, so there was still religion involved. -
Polish Uprising
The Polish national uprising of 1830 was crushed by Russia. -
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King Charles Albert of Piedmont
King Charles Albert was a big proponent of the unification of Italy and was fiercely anti-Austrian. He later gave up the throne to his son, Victor Emmanuel. -
Suppression of Polish Revolt
The Polish national uprising of 1830 was crushed by Russia. -
Reform Act of 1832
The Reform Act increased franchise to small landowners, tenant farmers, and shopkeepers. It also increased voting in the bouroughs. -
Period: to
Ferdinand I
Ferdinand was the Emperor of Austria. He gave up his throne to his nephew after he was unsuccessful in pleasing revolutionaries. -
Repeal of Corn Laws
Corn Laws were finally repealed in 1846, a triumph for the manufacturers, whose expansion had been hampered by protection of grain, against the landed interests. -
Italian Revolutions
Nationalism and the desire for a constitutional monarchy were the main causes of this revolution. -
Period: to
Francis Joseph I
Franz Joseph I or Francis Joseph I was Emperor of Austria,and also ruled Hungary, Croatia and Bohemia. From 1850 to1866, he was President of the German Confederation. -
Revolt in Austrian Empire (Metternich Dismissed)
Metternich worked for years to hold the Austrian Empire together, but now, in the wake of the French February Revolution, the ethnic groups became even more resistant to Austrian control. -
Charles Albert Attacks Austria
When Milan revolted in against Austrian rulers, Charles Albert also declared war on Austria. But Austrian power was too great, and Piedmont was defeated. -
Frankfurt Assembly
This was the first freely elected parliament for all of Germany. It produced the Frankfurt Constitution. -
Crushed Czech Rebels
The Czechs wanted to form their own government, however, they were ruthlessly suppressed by Austrian military. -
June Days
In the early days of the Second Republic, unemployment was high and people revolted. The uprising failed. -
Austrian Control in Lombardy and Venetia
Austrian troops moved into Lombardy and Venetia.
