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Frederick William II of Prussia
He was one of he most educated and most cultured monarchs of the century. He is a very progressive ruler and made a single code of laws for territories eliminating torture and gave limited freedom of speech and press and religion. -
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Tsar Alexander I
After the defeat of Napoleon's army in 1812, he became one of the most powerful leaders in Europe. He supported the suppression of all revolutionary movements in Russia and Europe -
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Louis XVIII
He restored Bourbon throne after the Revolution. Kept many principles that were in place after the revolution and made a bicameral legislature consisting of the Chamber of Peers and the Chamber of Deputies. -
Union of Netherlands and Belgium
The Netherlands was liberated in 1813 by Prussian and Russian troops. From there the negotiations 1815 were not easy because of greedy leaders. It was decided to erect a barrier against France by uniting the Northern and Southern Netherlands. -
Peterloo Massacre
The reason for protest was for the repeal of the Corn Laws which brought widespread unemployment and postwar economic stress. The protest was held by mostly urban laborers, who were supported by radical intellectuals. -
Karlsbad Decrees
A set of reactionary restrictions put into the states of the German Confederation by resolution of the Bundesversammlung. -
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Charles X
He Inherited the French throne and re-established the old order with absolute rule. He suspended the legislature and votes and as the brother of Louis XVIII. -
Decembrist Revolt
This revolt was in Russia and is the first Russian Rebellion to have specific political goals. It is cause because the Moscow Regiment wont take oath and they hate Nicholas I. -
Belgian Independence
It was a proclamation of national independence and international independence for Belgium. Declared that there was no more Holland. -
Polish Upising
The uprising was very bloody and had a lot of romanticism influence. Poland is split between radicals and moderates and the uprising is unsuccessful. -
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Louis-Philippe
He became the new monarch of France after Charles X, more liberal than the Charles, allowed religious toleration, censorship was abolished, no sympathy for the lower class workers. -
July Revolution
This was a rebellion against Charles X's actions in issuing the July Ordinances. The July Ordinances were a set of edicts that imposed rigid censorship of the press, dissolved the legislative assembly, and reduced the electorate in preparation for new elections. -
Suppression of Polish Revolt
The revolt started in Warsaw ad was a nationalistic movement. It was quickly crushed by Nicholas I. This showed Nicholas I suppressing liberalism and nationalism. -
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King Charles Albert of Piedmont
He was the King of Piedmont who was defeated twice by Austria. He also wanted to annex Lombardy -
Reform Act
Parliament passed a law changing the British electoral system. This was a response to many years of people criticizing the electoral system as unfair. -
Poor Law
This was designed to reduce the cost of looking after the poor because it stopped money from going to poor people except in exceptional circumstances. The people had to go to the workhouse if they needed money. -
Repeal of Corn Laws
The Corn Laws were a very selfish legislation for the aristocracy's own advantage, they restricted foreign grain imports. When they were repealed it was the first step towards Britain having free trade. -
Charles Albert attacks Austriasn
Charles wanted to expand the influence of his kingdom in Lombardy. He aided the rebellion but was defeated and the rebellion failed. -
Revolutions in Italy
They were organized revolts in the states of the Italian peninsula and Sicily. The revolts were led by intellectuals and agitators who desired a liberal government. -
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Frankfurt Assembly
The goal of the assembly was to bring about a unified Germany with liberal constitution, civil rights, free elections, parliamentary debate, etc. It failed and there were huge impacts on modern times because it did not succeed. -
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Francis Joseph I
Emperor after Ferdinand's abdication in 1848. He is responsible for the dual-monarchy. -
June Days
A revolt during the month of June as a result of the abolishment of national workshops. -
Establishment of Second Republic
It was the republican government of France that was established in 1848 after the revolution. -
Napoleon is Elected as French President
Napoleon was forty when he won this election. He won by a direct popular vote. -
Defeat of Hungarians with help of Russian Troops
The Austrians were close to defeat and the new Emperor Franz Joseph I called for help from the Russians. Nichols I answered and together they defeated the Hungarian army.
