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Jefferson's Two-Track Education System
Thomas Jefferson was one of the founding fathers of the United States and he proposed a two-tracked school system. These were known as the "Laboring" and the "Learned". Jefferson suggested that the Laboring group will be for those that were skilled practical trades/manual labor. They will receive vocational training to get them ready for jobs in agriculture or hands on jobs. As to the Learning group they would receive scholarships to continue their studies. -
"Poor Laws"
In the state of Pennsylvania was the first state that helped create free public education for all poor children. -
First High School was founded - Boston English High School
Boston opens to the first public high school. This high school was established by the Boston School committee but only for the boys available. Eventually, later it was open for girls to be able to attend in 1970s. -
Plessy v. Ferguson
This case took place in the state of Louisiana where an African American refuse to move from a white car to a black car only side. He stated that his 14th amendment was violated under the Equal Protection Clause. Unfortunately, Judge Ferguson stated that this wasn't unconstitutional due to under the 14th amendment applies to political and civil rights not social rights. This case was one of the United States landmark cases that stated the law was practicing "separate but equal". -
Brown v. the Board of Education, Topeka
This case took place in the state of Kansa in the city of Topeka which was about this girl name Linda Brown that she was denied access to an all-white school. Her father stated that all black children school were not the same as the white children school. Which he states that this definite violated the 14th amendment clause which no state can deny to anyone under the jurisdiction of the equal protection of the law. The ruling was that racial segregation in public school was unconstitutional. -
Engel v. Vitale
This case took place in the state of New York and was taken to courts by parents stating doing prays is a violation of their 1st Amendment. New York ruled as not being unlawful since its voluntary to do the prayer. So, this case was brought to the United States Supreme Court which they stated that it does break the constitution because this shows that public school was to sponsor religion upon them. -
Tinker v. Des Moines
This case took place in the state of Iowa which a young girl name Mary Tinker decided to wear a black arm band in protest of the Vietnan War. School administrator learned about this and established a rule which prohibited students to wear any type of armband, if they do, they would be suspend. But Mary, her brother and dozen other students still did so which they took this case to the Supreme Court. The children stated this violated their 1st amendment. The Courts ruled in favor of them. -
Title IX
This act was created into a law which states that no person within the United States can be excluded from being part of any education programs or activity that gets federal funding no matter base on their sex. This mean school are responsible to take necessary steps to prevent any type of harassments including sextual harassments. This law has impacted women in particular since 1972 to obtain a higher education. -
Education of all Handicapped Children Act
This act protects the rights of, meeting the needs of and improving results for infants, toddlers, children, and young adults with disabilities and their families. Before this act many children/students were denied the ability to learn and education but eventually things started to change. This law established public school to evaluate children with disabilities and create an educational plan along with their parents, so they are able to experience a non-disabled life. -
Plyler v. Doe
This case took place in the state of Texas which Legislature created a policy that denied enrollment to those students that were foreign-born children and could not show legal statues. This was fought and brought to the attention of the courts by a group of Mexicans students that stated this was unlawful. The Suprem Court ruled that this policy is unconstitutional under the 14th amendment-Equal Protection Clause. No school can deny an education to any children due to their legal status. -
Grutter v. Bollinger
This case was about the admission to Law School in the state of Michigan. A student name Barbara Grutter stated that the University of Michigan was being unconstitutional because they are violating her 14th amendment against her race. The school stated that they tend to have a diverse of students in their school, so they do a look at her their documentation when applying. Unfortunately, the courts ruled that there was no law broken because the school takes a look over at everything not just race