Presidental timeline

George Washington

Period: Feb 22, 1789 to Dec 14, 1799

was a military officer a politician wife Martha Washington didn't attend college nor served in the military and is from Virginia

George Washington events

1790

Signs the first copyright law(1790)
Establishes the capital(1790)
US capital move to Philadelphia(1790)
creating a national bank(1790)
Ratifying the Bill of Rights (1791)

John Adams

Period: Mar 4, 1797 to Mar 3, 1801

American Revolution that achieved independence from Great Britain. was a attorney attended Harvard and is from Massachusetts

John Adams events

Jun 1, 1800

Making a militia(1797)
The Eleventh Amendment(1798)
Alien and Sedition Acts(1798)
Sedition Act(1798)
Victory against France(1799)
Washington becomes capitol(1800)

Thomas Jefferson

Period: Mar 4, 1801 to Mar 4, 1809

was an American statesman, diplomat, lawyer, architect, philosopher attended William and Mary University also joined the military, . He was the primary author of the Declaration of Independence and is from Virginia .

Thomas Jefferson events

Dec 12, 1806

Tripoli declares war(1801)
Reducing army and establishing West Point(1802)
Marbury v. Madison Decided(1803)
Lewis and Clark(1803)
The Twelfth Amendment(1803)
Jefferson asks for ban on slave trade(1806)

James Madison

Period: Mar 4, 1809 to Mar 4, 1817

was an American statesman, diploma attended Princeton Uni , was colonel and commander in the army and is from Virginia

James Madison events

Jan 8, 1815

Fletcher v. Peck(1810)
Occupation of West Florida(1810)
Bank of the United States(1811)
Battleship President(1811)
Battle of Tippecanoe(1811)
Army bill(1812)
France sinks U.S. ships(1812)
Battle of New Orleans(1815)

James Monroe

Period: Mar 4, 1817 to Mar 4, 1835

was an American statesman, lawyer, diplomat Attended Williams & Mary served in the army, a member of the Democratic-Republican Party, and is from Virginia

James Monroe events

Apr 30, 1824

Aguirre Mission(1817)
Anglo-American Convention(1818)
The Panic of 1819(1819)
The Transcontinental Treaty(1819)
Missouri Compromise(1820)
Military Establishment Act(1821)
General Survey Bill(1824)

John Quincy Adam

Period: Mar 4, 1825 to Mar 4, 1829

was an American statesman, politician, diplomat, lawyer, and diarist Attended Harvard, previously served as the eighth United States secretary of state and was born in Massachusetts

John Quincy Adams events

May 11, 1828

Captain Porter Court-martialed(1825)
Erie Canal Completed(1825)
Military Training Manuals Created(1826)
November 1, 1826
Resolution of war damages(1826)
MFN Trade System(1827)
Tariff of Abominations(1828)

Andrew Jackson

Period: Mar 4, 1829 to Mar 4, 1837

was an American lawyer, planter, general, and statesman major general in the army didn't attend school and is from Waxhaws

Andrew Jackson events

Mar 1, 1833

tensions between Jackson and Calhoun(1830)
Indian Removal Act(1830)
Jackson vetoes Maysville Road bill(1830)
Jackson opposes Second Bank of the United States(1832)
Nullification Proclamation(1832)
Force Bill(1833)

Martin Van Buren

Period: Mar 4, 1837 to Mar 4, 1841

was an American lawyer, diplomat, and statesman attended Claverack college was born in New York.

Martin Van Buren events

Jul 4, 1840

The Panic of 1837(1837)
Van Buren opposes the annexation of Texas(1837)
Rebellion against British(1837)
Arbitration commission(1838)
Ending the Aroostook War Ending the Aroostook War(1839)
Independent Treasury Act(1840)

William Henry Harrison

Period: Mar 4, 1841 to Apr 4, 1841

was an American military officer and politician, graduated from Miami University in Oxford, Ohio and is from Virginia

William Henry Harrison events

Apr 4, 1841

Harrison dies of pneumonia(1841)

John Tyler

Period: May 6, 1841 to Mar 4, 1845

was an American politician, attended William and Mary, He served as a Virginia state legislator and governor, U.S. representative, and U.S. senator is from Virginia

John Tyler events

Mar 1, 1845

Commonwealth v. Hunt(1842)
Webster-Ashburton Treaty(1842)
The Democrats gain majority(1842)
First telegraph line completed(1844)
The Texas Annexation Treaty fails(1844)
President Tyler Signs Joint Resolution for Texas Annexation(1845)

James K. Polk

Period: Mar 4, 1845 to Mar 4, 1849

Attended The University of North Carolina, He also served as the 13th speaker of the House of Representatives and a was a governor of Tennessee and was born in North Carolina.

James K. Polk events

Feb 2, 1848

Discouraging Mexican invasion(1845)
"Manifest Destiny"(1845)
Texas becomes a state(1845)
War with Mexico(1846)
The Oregon Treaty(1846)
River and harbors bill(1846)
Independent Treasury Law
(1846)
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo(1848)

Zachary Taylor

Period: Mar 4, 1849 to Jul 9, 1850

was an American military leader didn't attend school was born in Virginia

Zachary Taylor events

Jul 9, 1850

Compromise of 1850(1850)
Zachary Taylor dies(1850)

Millard Fillmore

Period: Jul 10, 1850 to Mar 4, 1853

Studied to become a lawyer didn't serve the military was born in New York

Millard Fillmore events

Aug 24, 1852

Fugitive Slave Bill(1850)
National women's rights convention(1850)
Treaty with El Salvador(1851)
Uncle Tom's Cabin published(1851)
Moby Dick published(1851)
Marx published in New York Tribune(1852)

Franklin Pierce

Period: Mar 4, 1853 to Mar 4, 1857

was an American politician, attended Bowdoin College entered the Mexican War was born in New Hampshire.

Franklin Pierce events

May 22, 1856

Pierce's son killed(1853)
Gadsden Purchase(1853)
Massachusetts Emigrant Aid Society(1854)
Kansas-Nebraska Act(1854)
Topeka Constitution(1855)
Wakarusa War(1855)
Republican Party holds first national meeting(1856)
Sumner-Brooks Affair(1856)

James Buchanan

Period: Mar 4, 1857 to Mar 4, 1861

was an American lawyer, diplomat, and politician attended Dickinson College served in a reserve unit during the war, was also the secretary of State and born in Pasadena

James Buchanan events

May 9, 1860

Republicans Gain Control of House, Lincoln-Douglas Debates
Dred Scott Decision(1857)
Mountain Meadow Massacre(1857)
Kansas Holds Referendum(1857)
English Bill Passed(1858)
Harper’s Ferry Raid(1859)
Constitutional Union Party Nominates Bell(1860)

Abraham Lincoln

Period: Mar 4, 1861 to Apr 15, 1865

was an American lawyer, politician, and statesman, served in the Black Hawk War and was born in Kentucky.

Abraham Lincoln events

Jan 31, 1865

Fort Sumter(1861)
Lincoln calls for end of rebellion(1861)
Lincoln orders blockage(1861)
Battle of Bull Run(1861)
Slavery abolished in D.C(1862)
Organizing black troops(1862)
Battle of Antietam Creek(1862)
Emancipation Proclamation(1862)
Battle of Fredericksburg(1862)
Emancipation Proclamation goes into effect(1863)
General Stonewall Jackson wounded(1863)
Battle of Gettysburg(1863)
Rioters protest the conscription act(1863)
Republicans increase their power(1864)
Thirteenth Amendment(1865)

Andrew Johnson

Period: Apr 15, 1868 to Mar 4, 1869

Andrew Johnson was an American politician He became governor of Tennessee for four years, and was elected by the legislature to the Senate never attended school born in North Carolina

Andrew Johnson events

Mar 4, 1869

Adjusting terms of surrender(1865)
Arresting Confederates(1865)
Celebrations in D.C.(1865)
Black Code(1865)
Extending the Freedmen's Bureau(1866)
Johnson vetoes the Civil Rights Act(1866)
The Fenian Raid and the Battle of Ridgeway(1866)
Fourteenth Amendment(1866)
First Reconstruction Act(1867)
House of Representatives votes to impeach Johnson(1868)

Ulysses S. Grant

Period: Mar 4, 1869 to Mar 4, 1877

was an American military officer, politician, Attended military school and went on to serve the military

Ulysses S. Grant events

Jun 25, 1876

Transcontinental railroad completed(1869)
“Black Friday” financial panic"(1869)
Construction of the Brooklyn Bridge begins(1870)
Fifteenth Amendment(1870)
Voting rights and the KKK(1870)
The Federal Election Law(1871)
May 8, 1871
Treaty of Washington(1871)
Report from the panel, Treaty of Washington(1872)
Credit Mobilier and the Union Pacific Railroad(1873)
Panic of 1873(1873)
Hawaiian Reciprocity Treat(1875)
Civil Rights Act of 1875(1875)
Custer and Little Bighorn(1876)

Rutherford Birchard Hayes

Period: Mar 4, 1877 to Mar 4, 1881

was an American military officer and politician from the state of Ohio ,attended Harvard was born is Ohio

Rutherford Birchard Hayes events

Nov 17, 1880

North and South relations(1877)
Patrolling Mexican border(1877)
Great Railroad Strike of 1877
Knights of Labor(1878)
Greenback buyback and recovering economy(1879)
Army Appropriations Bill(1879)
Hayes supports a canal(1880)
The U.S. and China(1880)

James A. Garfield

Period: Mar 4, 1881 to Sep 19, 1881

was a preacher, lawyer and civil war general attended William College is from Ohio

James A. Garfield events

Sep 19, 1881

Filibuster begins(1881)
American Association of the Red Cross(1881)
Garfield Shot(1881)
Normal School for Colored Teachers established(1881)
Garfield Dies(1881)

Chester A. Arthur

Period: Sep 20, 1881 to Mar 4, 1885

was an American politician attended union college was an active member of the New York militia was previously a vice president and from Vermont

Chester A. Arthur events

Jul 4, 1884

Guiteau Trial Begins(1881)
Star-Route Scandal(1882)
Edmunds Act Passes(1882)
Chinese Exclusion Act revised(1882)
Steamboat Safety Bill vetoed(1882)
River and Harbor Act vetoed(1882)
Civil Service Reform Act(1883)
Brooklyn Bridge opens(1883)
Statue of Liberty presented(1884)\

Grover Cleveland

Period: Mar 4, 1885 to Mar 4, 1889

was an American politician didn't finish school dropped out to support his family didn't serve in the military was born is New Jersey.

Grover Cleveland events

May 27, 1888

Cleveland Signs Presidential Succession Act(1886)
Cleveland vetoes military pensions(1886)
Accepting the Statue of Liberty(1866)
American Federation of Labor(1886)
Cleveland Signs Dawes Act(1877)
Tenure of Office Act of 1867
Cleveland Signs Chinese Exclusion Act(1888)
North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, Washington becomes states(1889)
Cleveland withdraws Hawaiian annexation treaty(1893)
The Panic of 1893
Supreme Court nullifies income tax law(1895)

Benjamin Harrison

Period: Mar 4, 1889 to Mar 4, 1893

was an American politician attended both Miami university and famers college served in the Union army as colonel, William Henry Harrison, and a great-grandson of Benjamin Harrison V, a Founding Father and born in Ohio

Benjamin Harrison events

Jul 30, 1892

Berlin Conference(1899)
First Pan-American Conference(1899)
Sherman Anti-Trust Act(1890)
Sherman Silver Purchase Act(1890)
Escalating conflict with Chile(1891)
Pinkertons bust steel strike(1892)
Homestead Steel Strike(1892)

Grover Cleveland

Period: Mar 4, 1893 to Mar 4, 1897

was an American politician left school to support his family after dads death born in New Jersey and was from New Jersey

Grover Cleveland events

May 20, 1895

Cleveland Signs Presidential Succession Act(1886)
Cleveland vetoes military pensions(1886)
Accepting the Statue of Liberty(1866)
American Federation of Labor(1886)
Cleveland Signs Dawes Act(1877)
Tenure of Office Act of 1867
Cleveland Signs Chinese Exclusion Act(1888)
North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, Washington becomes states(1889)
Cleveland withdraws Hawaiian annexation treaty(1893)
The Panic of 1893
Supreme Court nullifies income tax law(1895)

William McKinley

Period: Mar 4, 1897 to Sep 14, 1990

was an American politician studied law at Albany law school didn't serve in the military also from Ohio.

William McKinley events

Mar 12, 1901

Relief for Cuba(1897)
Dingley Tariff Law(1897)
Coal mine strikes turn violent(1897)
Maine explodes(1898)
Civil war in Cuba(1898)
Volunteer Army Act(1898)
Spain declares war on the U.S.(1898)
War at Manila Bay(1898)
Peace treaty ratified(1899)
Second Open Door Note issued(1990)
Platt Amendment(1901)
Filipino resistance leader captured(1901)

Theodore Roosevelt

Period: Sep 14, 1901 to Mar 4, 1909

was an American politician, statesman, conservationist, naturalist, and writer attended Harvard was a New York national guard was born in New York.

Theodore Roosevelt events

Feb 12, 1909

Hay-Pauncefote Treaty signed(1901)
Newlands Reclamation Act(1902)
Philippine Government Act(1902)
Elkins Anti-Rebate Act(1903)
November 3, 1903
Revolt in Panama(1903)
Hay-Buneau-Varilla Treaty(1903)
Portsmouth Treaty(1905)
Republicans gain seat(1906)
Immigration Act of 1907
December 16, 1907
The Great White Fleet(1907)
Child labor law(1908)
NAACP formed(1909)

William H. Taft

Period: Mar 4, 1909 to Mar 4, 1913

was a lawyer and a judge attended Yale didn't serve in the military and was born in Ohio

William H. Taft events

Aug 24, 1912

calling for the Sixteenth Amendment(1909)
Supporting tariffs(1909)
Postal Savings Bank Act(1910)
Mann Act(1910)
Dissolution of Standard Oil(1911)
President Porfirio DÌaz of Mexico resigns(1911)
Titanic sinks(1912)
Panama Canal Act(1912)

Woodrow Wilson

Period: Mar 4, 1913 to Mar 4, 1921

was an American politician attended Princeton University led the U.S into WWl was born in Virginia

Woodrow Wilson events

Aug 31, 1919

Declaration of War
Ford's Model T(1913)
Seventeenth Amendment(1913)
Foreign policy with Mexico(1913)
Completing the Panama Canal(1913)
Federal Reserve Act(1913)
Mother's Day established(1914)
The Panama Canal officially opens(1914)
Sinking of the Lusitania(1915)
Federal Farm Labor Act(1916)
Zimmermann Telegram released(1917)
Women win the right to vote(1917)
Eighteenth Amendment(1917)
Nineteenth Amendment(1919)
Communist Labor Party of America founded(1919)

Warren G. Harding

Period: Mar 4, 1921 to Aug 2, 1923

was an American politician, and was lieutenant governor for two years attended Ohio Central College, A member of the Republican Party and born in Ohio

Warren G. Harding events

Aug 2, 1923

1921-Thompson-Urrutia Treaty
1921-Emergency Tariff act
1921-Budget and Accounting Act
1921-Washington Naval Armament Conference
1921-Sheppard-Towner Maternity and Infancy Act
1922-Nineteenth Amendment deemed constitutional
1922-The Teapot Dome Scandal
1923-Harding suffers ptomaine poisoning, dies

Calvin Coolidge

Period: Aug 2, 1923 to Mar 4, 1929

was an American attorney and politician graduated with honors at Amherst college also attended St. Johnsbury Academy also was a colonel was also a governor and born in Vermont

Calvin Coolidge events

Aug 25, 1928

1923-Martial law and the KKK
1924-Soldiers' Bonus Bill passes
1924-New immigration law
1924-Marines withdraw from Dominican Republic
Scopes trial
1926-First successful flight over North Pole
1927-Voting restrictions unconstitutional
1927-Conflict in Mexico's Constitution
1928-Byrd flies south

Herbert Hoover

Period: Mar 4, 1929 to Mar 4, 1933

was an American politician, a wealthy mining engineer before his presidency, attended Sandford Uni and George Fox Uni was born in Iowa

Herbert Hoover events

Jul 28, 1932

1929-Stimson appointed Secretary of State
1929-Police raid New York birth control center
1929-Agricultural Marketing Act
1929-Construction of Empire State Building begins
1929-"Black Tuesday"
1930-Bootlegging bust
1930-Bank panic begins
1930-Bank of the United States closes
"Star Spangled Banner" becomes national anthem
1931-Spain abolished monarchy
1932-Hoover Orders Bonus Army Dispersed

Franklin D. Roosevelt

Period: Mar 4, 1933 to Apr 12, 1945

was an American statesman and politician attended Harvard , Columbia and Groton for college, was a member of the Democratic Party and from New York.

Franklin D. Roosevelt events

Oct 19, 1943

1933-Roosevelt declares a four-day “bank holiday” in
1934-A severe dust storm hits the central and southern
1935-FDR signs the Social Security Act, which establish
1936-The NAACP wins its case, Gibbs v. Board
1939-The U.S.S.R. invades Finland, bombing its capital
1940-The Battle of Britain begins with the first bombing
1941-FDR nationalizes the armed forces of the Philippines
1941-Japanese bombers attack Pearl Harbor, the major U

Harry S. Truman

Period: Apr 12, 1945 to Jan 20, 1953

was elected a judge and senator attended UMKC school of law served in the military during WWl, he previously served as a United States senator and from Missouri

Harry S. Truman events

Apr 8, 1952

1945-Germany surrenders
1945-Hiroshima
1946-Employment Act of 1946
1946-Kennan’s “Long Telegram” on Soviets
1946-Churchill’s “Iron Curtain” speech
1947-Truman delivers “Truman Doctrine” speech
1947-N.A.
1948: Truman requests civil rights legislation
1948-Soviet Union blocks West Berlin
1948-Truman demands civil legislation, desegregates Armed Forces
1949-Truman proposes “Fair Deal
1949-Soviet Union gets the bomb
1951-First color television broadcast
1952-Truman block steel strike

Dwight D. Eisenhower

Period: Jan 20, 1953 to Jan 20, 1961

was an American military officer and statesman attended Us army war college, U.S military academy, Command and General staff College also became a five star general was born in Texas

Dwight D. Eisenhower events

May 1, 1960

1953-Department of Health, Education, and Welfare created
1953-Rosenberg execution
1953-Refugee Relief Act of 1953
1953-Soviets test H-bomb
1954-Democrats gain seats
1955-Chinese Communists v Nationalists
1955-Geneva Conference opens
1956-U-2 approved
Civil Rights Act of 1957
1960-Soviets shoot down U-2

John F. Kennedy

Period: Jan 20, 1961 to Nov 22, 1963

was an American politician attended Harvard College and Princeton Uni was a naval combat officer in the Japanese following the pearl attack and born in Massachusetts .

John F. Kennedy events

Nov 29, 1962

1961-Bay of Pigs
1961-First Freedom Ride
1961-Kennedy plans a man on the moon
1961-East Germany begins Berlin Wall
1962-Missiles in Cuba
1962-Kennedy Announces Cuban Missile Crisis
1963-Birmingham campaign begins
1963-March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom

Lyndon B. Johnson

Period: Nov 22, 1963 to Jan 20, 1969

was an American politician was a high school teacher attended Texas State Uni and Georgetown Uni Law Center served in the pacific, he had served as the 37th vice president and from Texas.

Lyndon B. Johnson events

Jan 4, 1968

Civil Rights Act of 1964
1964-Economic Opportunity Act
1964-Martin Luther King Jr. receives Nobel Peace Prize
1965-Bombing begins in Vietnam
1965-Malcolm X assassinated
1965-Johnson calls voting legislation
1965-Voting Rights Act becomes law
1966-Black Panther Party founded
1967-Thurgood Marshall nominated to Supreme Court
1967-Anti-war march to Pentagon
1968-Tet Offensive
1968-Martin Luther King Jr. assassinated

Richard M. Nixon

Period: Jan 20, 1969 to Aug 9, 1974

A member of the Republican Party, he previously served as a representative and senator, attended Duke Uni school of law and whittler college, also joined the U.S army, he previously served as a representative and senator from California and a vice president and was born in California

Richard M. Nixon events

Aug 8, 1974

1969-Consolidating federal aid
1969-Cutting government personnel
1969-Men land on the moon
1970-Occupational Health and Safety Act of 1970
1972-Watergate scandal begins
1973-Phase Three of price controls
1973-Ceasing Camp David taping
1973-Saturday Night Massacre
1974-Nixon forced to pay back taxes
1974-U.S. v Nixon
1974-Nixon resigns

Gerald R. Ford

Period: Aug 9, 1974 to Jan 20, 1977

was an American politician attended Yale law school University of Michigan also served in the U.S naval reserve, He previously served as the leader of the Republican Party and a vice president he is also from Nebraska

Gerald R. Ford events

Dec 15, 1976

1974-Tax hike and spending cuts
1974-Freedom of Information Act passed
Privacy Act of 1974
1975-President Ford Committee established
1975-Egypt and Israel sign agreement
1975-Rockefeller withdraws
1976-GNP rises
1976-Stocking up on oil

Jimmy Carter

Period: Jan 20, 1977 to Jan 20, 1981

is an American politician ,He served in the Georgia State Senate attended Union College, Georgia Institute of tech, was Georgia state senator and is from Georgia .

Jimmy Carter events

Jul 28, 1980

1977-Carter addresses nation on energy
1977-Carter opposes B-1 bomber
1978-Coal strike busted
1978-Mediation at Camp David
1979-President Attacked by Rabbit
1979-A crisis of confidence
1980-Limiting nuclear war

Ronald Reagan

Period: Jan 20, 1981 to Jan 20, 1989

was an American politician and actor attended Eureka College, Reagan enlisted in the United States Army Reserve. He was assigned as a private in Des Moines, he is from Los Angeles.

Ronald Reagan events

Feb 3, 1987

1981-Reagan shot in chest
Sandra Day O’Connor, first woman on Supreme Court
1981-Negotiating with Soviet Union
1983-Gas tax increase
1983-Suicide bombers attack Lebanon
1986-U.S. illegally sells arms to Iran
1987-Water Quality Control Act

Bill Clinton

Period: Jan 20, 1993 to Jan 20, 2001

is an American politician attended Yale law school and George town Uni previously served as a governor in Arkansas which is also where he is from.

Bill Clinton events

Mar 24, 1999

1993-Navy attacks Baghdad
1993-Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act
1993-Battle of Mogadishu
1993-NAFTA creates free trade zone
1996-Missile strikes Iraq
1998-House votes to impeach Clinton
1999-NATO attack on Serbia

George Bush

Period: Jan 20, 2001 to Jan 20, 2009

is an American politician ,he flew warplanes worked in a oil industry, co-owned the Texas Rangers of Major League Baseball and attended Harvard Business school, also served in the military service in the Air National Guard is from Connecticut

George Bush events

May 22, 2008

2001-Deregulating religious charities
2001-Attacking Iraq
2001-September 11 Terrorist Attacks
2002-Israeli-Palestine relations
2003-Bush signs third largest tax cut in history
2003-Federal law enforcement and race
2003-Medicare overhaul
2005-Hurricane Katrina strikes
2006-Bird flu scare
2008-Congress overrides veto, pushes Farm Bill

Barack Obama

Period: Jan 20, 2009 to Jan 20, 2017

is an American politician, became a civil rights attorney and an academic, teaching constitutional law attended Harvard law school Colombia Uni and Occidental Uni didn't serve in the military Is from Hawaii.

Barack Obama events

Jul 28, 2016

2009-Signing of first bill
2009-HIV travel ban
2011-Budget Control Act
2011-End of Iraq War
2012-Gay marriage
2016-Deal with Iran
2016-Gives speech at Democratic National Convention

Donald J. Trump

Period: Jan 20, 2017 to Jan 20, 2021

is an American politician, media personality, and businessman attended Wharton school and Fordham Uni didn't serve in the military is from New York .

Donald J. Trump events

Jan 6, 2021

2017-Travel ban
2017-Women's March
2018-Trade War with China Begins
2018-March for Our Lives
2018-Controversial child separation at the border
2020-NAFTA replaced
2020-Coronavirus pandemic escalates
2020-Pandemic becomes national emergency
2020-Unemployment hits 22 million
2020-FDA approves COVID-19 vaccine
2021-Phone call leaked
2021-Mob attacks US Capitol

Joseph R. Biden

Period: Jan 20, 2021 to Apr 23, 2024

is an American politician, was chairman or ranking member of the Senate Judiciary Committee attended University of Delaware, Syracuse University College of Law didn't serve in the military is also from Pasadena.

Joseph R. Biden events

Apr 23, 2024

THE AMERICAN RESCUE
SIGNED MARRIAGE EQUALITY INTO LAW
CRIMINAL JUSTICE REFORM