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Dec 22, 1500
First occupants
There is no elected central governing body however iroquois follow a matriarchy and the algonquin follow a patriarchy. -
Period: Dec 22, 1500 to
Power
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Life in New France
Settlers had happy lives but it was hard work. Everyday, tasks were to be done: caring for crops, making clothes, fixing tools, preparing for winter. Because New France was not really developing settlers took care of themselves. Life was different from France where you had the rich and the poor. In New France the people were very autonomous and by 1760 grew to become a distinct set of people called Canadien. -
Collaboration between state and Catholic Church
Church was automatically involved in political decisions because of its role in the sovereign council.Priest acted as missionaries and were in charge of the parishes.In effect the church had a monopoly on religious matters, expected to be a Catholic and practice was obligatory.Church would encourage the population to listen to the governor and intendant, in exchange the church was allowed the tithe and had insurance that religion matters were respected. -
The power of the state
After the chartered companies period (1608-1663). The french monarchy took back control of its American colonies. The young King Louis XIV set to making his kingdom absolutist. From 1663-1760. Canada lived under the Royal Administration. -
Power relations with french and first occupants
The French allied with the Amerindians to protect their interests. The French traded with the Hurons and the Algonquins. They also had a military alliance with these groups. The Iroquois, who were allied with the British, were their enemies, with whom they fought over control of the fur trade. -
Great Peace of Montreal 1701
40 aboriginal nations agreed to consider the king of france their father and allowed the governor general to resolve their disputes and help France in wars -
Articles of Capitulation
The French military would lay down their arms and leave.
The people could still practice their R.C. religion but the Bishop would have to leave. The people who stayed would become British subjects. The French Elite left because they could afford to do so and had a chance to still live as elite in France. -
Royal Proclamation
After Quebec capitulates, the colony comes under British military rule until the 7 year war end.1763- Treaty of Paris - New France ceded to the King of England except St. Pierre & Miquelon. The king needed something to control the French population royal proclamation so he gives them stuff they've been asking for -
Quebec Act
American Revolution is happening
Fear that the french will join the rebellion
Guaranteed French canadian Loyalty
Enlarged the area of Quebec to include the Great Lakes once again
Still denied an elected assembly
Did allow for an appointed council
French civil laws were re-instated
Test Oath Act replaced with an Oath of Allegiance (Loyal to the King = hold office) -
Effects of the loyalist
1.English population of Quebec goes from 1% to 10%
Settled the land using townships instead of seigneuries
2.English civil laws (not french civil laws used in Quebec)
3.Elected assemblies (none in Quebec at the time)
4.Petitioned London to demand changes to the way Quebec was being run -
Constitutional act
Quebec split up. The ottawa River was used as the boundary between the two canadas
Upper Canada roughly 20,000 people
Entirely english
Protestant, used the township system and English civil laws
Lower Canada roughly 160,000 people
Mostly french people (remember 10% loyalists and merchants)
Kept their catholic religion, civil laws and now francophones could work in administration of Lower Canada -
Concerns in Lower canada
Increased immigration from Great Britain began to threaten French culture and language. 1832, immigrants ship brought disease cholera, killed 5500
1836 - crops failed - canadien face starvation
1837- economic depression- english merchants blamed -
Concerns in Upper Canada
Responsible government was the major concern
Continued immigration to increase the English presence in Canada. New immigrants from Great Britain bringing values of parliamentary democracy.
Reduction in the role of Church of England in taxes and affairs
Reducing the power of values of traditionalism and conservatism
Stronger voice for Elected Assembly
Reduce voice for the Family compact No veto powers. -
92 Resolutions
Louis Joseph Papineau (a lawyer and a seigneur), the leader of the parti Patriote, wrote a letter containing the demands of the assembly in 1834. The main demand was for responsible Government. Members on the council should be chosen from the elected assembly, therefor the government made up by the people would be responsible for its decisions Papineau document was sent to London to be reviewed. -
10 Russell Resolution
They reject the request for an elected council.Instead of gaining power, the elected assembly actually lost some power.The governor, Lord Gosford, now had the power to take money from the provincial treasury to pay the officials in the colony.This really upsets the Patriotes and thus begins the demonstrations that eventually lead to the rebellions. -
The rebellions
Continued increase in loyalists coming from America and Irish immigration!
Change in population
Lower-- 1791: 150 000-- 1861: 1 152 000
Upper--1791: 10 000-- 1861: 1 396 000 -
Church in The Contemporary Period
After 1837 the bishops became more and more powerful, the cures became the most important person in the parish. Church was still in charge of registering births, marriages, deaths. Controlling education (Laval University 1852). Orphanages, Shelters, Charities, Religious festivals. Roman Catholic Church attendance was very high. Protestants were divided (Anglicans, Presbyterians, Methodists, Baptists etc…) Ministers still influential but not as powerful as R.C. -
The great depression and Duplessis
High volume of unemployment, meaning governments are looking to get into power. Direct payments and the welfare state arise to appease the citizens and get them to vote for that party unemployment insurance family allowances. -
Groups that challenged Duplessis
Union leaders
They accused Duplessis of opposing social progress and of serving American interests rather than the interest of Quebec workers.
Numerous strikes were held during this time period including the Asbestos strike of 1949 in which even the bishop and other church officials supported the strikes.
1937 Padlock Law - Duplessis Government made it illegal to strike and promote communist ideas. -
Groups that challenged Duplessis
Intellectuals and Journalists
Intellectuals such as Pierre Elliott Trudeau and Rene levesque opposed the Duplessis government and attacked the conservative nature of Quebec society in newspaper, magazine articles and television programs. -
The Quiet Revolution
Driven by culture and political assertion of Quebecers and the desire for a government with a more interventionist role
Jean Lesage was a lawyer and a federal politician for 4 terms in the Federal Parliament with the liberals and later ran for head of the Quebec Liberal Party when the Conservatives ousted Mackenzie King’s federal Liberals in 1958
1960 campaigned with c’est le temps de change.
1962 Election slogan used was “maitres chez nous”. -
Language laws within Quebec
1961 - Lesage (liberal) creates the Office de la langue francaise was created to promote the French Language.
1974 - Bourassa (Liberal) adopts the Official Language Act, Bill 22 making french the official language of Quebec
1977 - Levesque (PQ) enacts the Charter of the French Langue. Bill 101, making it compulsory for immigrants children to go to French school, forced large companies to adopt french and imposed french on public signs. -
Quebec and the Canadian constitution part 1
In response to the referendum of 1980, Trudeau attempts the country by participating (BNA Act was transferred from Britain to the Federal and Provincial legislature) the constitution meaningful independence from Great Britain All Provinces agreed, except Quebec, but the Constitution and the Charter of rights and Freedom were implemented in 1982. Still to this day Quebec has not signed the constitution -
Quebec and the Canadian constitution part 2
In 1984, Prime Minister Brian Mulroney tried to organize a deal to amend the constitution that would satisfy Quebec and other provinces. Meech Lake Accord 1987 written with various reforms but Manitoba and Newfoundland refused to ratify it Charlottetown Agreement written with reforms and included recognizing aboriginal and Quebec rights. Premiers agreed but then a Canadian Referendum on the agreement was voted against by the people. -
Referendum on an independent Quebec round 2
Constitutional agreement failed because
English Canada refused to give QC special status
Quebec’s mixed feelings towards independence weakened their negotiations.
Other groups saw QC making demands and wanted their interest heard as well
1994 - PQ returned to power under Jacques Parizeau
1995 - Referendum on sovereignty
This time the vote was for a completely independent Quebec
No side won with 50.6% of the vote
