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1500
1500-First Occupants
The FO didn't have one specific power, however, they had different societies. They try and stay with nature and they don't have countervailing powers either. -
1608-French Regime
Who holds the power in France?
The King of France Who are the countervailing powers of France?
The British, the Church, capitalism Who holds the power in New France?
Nobody really, Samuel de Champlain or Company of 100 associates Who are the countervailing powers of New France?
Aboriginals, 13 colonies -
1663-Royal Government
After the chartered companies period (1608-1663), the French monarchy took back control of its American colonies. The young King Louis XIV set to making his kingdom absolutist. From 1663 to 1760, Canada lived under the Royal Administration. -
1670-Sovereign Council
The Sovereign Council was the colony’s high court and it included the governor, bishop, intendant and several councilors -
1701-Great Peace Of Montreal
40 aboriginal nations agreed to consider the king of france their father and allowed the governor general to resolve their disputes and help France in wars -
1703-Relations between Amerindians and the French
French allies with Hurons & Montagnais (Innu)
Looking for control over the fur trade
“Petite guerre” → guerilla warfare
Great Piece of Montreal -
1760-British Rule
1713- End of the war of Spanish Succession
-Treaty of Utrecht - Britain gets control of the Hudson’s Bay area, Nova Scotia and Newfoundland from France. -
1760-7 Years war and the Articles of capitulation
The 7 years war in Europe broke out in the colonies as well (1756-1763)
France focuses its efforts in Europe so NF is right to defend itself
Wolfe (British general) and Montcalm (French general) duke it out… we know the English one so the rest is history Plains of Abraham: British found a passage that would allow them to get their troops on the mainland - French caught off guard, and eventually French militia could return home, no one would lose their property. -
1763-Treaty of Paris
1763 - Treaty of Paris - New France ceded to the King of England except St.Pierre and Miquelon
The King needed something to control the Right now he doesn't want that he wants to control the French population → Royal Proclamation (the rules) -
1763-Royal Proclamation
Renames the colony The Province of Quebec
Decreases the borders to around the St. Lawrence Valley
Civilian government - King appointed a governor who appointed members to the council
English criminal and civil law were applied
No new Bishop would be allowed
No Roman catholics could hold office (Test Act)
!GOAL: ASSIMILATE THE FRENCH!*** -
1774-Quebec Act
Guaranteed French Canadian Loyalty
Enlarged the area of Quebec to include the Great Lakes once again
Still denied an elected assembly
Did allow for any appointed council
French civil laws were reinstalled
Test Oath Act replaced with an Oath of Allegiance (Loyal to King = Hold Office) -
1775-Effects Of The Loyalists
English population of Quebec goes from 1% to 10%
They settled the land using townships instead of seigneuries
The loyalists were used to:
English civil laws (not french civil laws used in Quebec)
Elected assemblies (none in Quebec at the time)
Petitioned London to demand changes to the way Quebec was being run -
1776-America Comes To Fruition
After the American war of independence, many people remain loyal to the King of Britain and do not want to remain in America. Where do they go? The only British colony left is Canada
-36 000 loyalists came to Canada
Settled in the Maritimes or around the great lakes
-6000 loyalists came to Quebec -
1791-Constitutional Act
Quebec split up! The Ottawa river was used as the boundary between the two Canadas Upper Canada → roughly 20 000 people
Entirely English
Protestant, township system, English civil laws
Lower Canada → roughly 160 000 people
Mostly French people (remember the 10% loyalists and merchants)
Kept their catholic religion, civil laws and now francophones could work in the administration of Lower Canada -
1792-Representative Government
Governor General - help vito power
Lieutenant Governor - acted as a deputy governor
Executive council - Appointed by the Governor to advise him
Legislative council - also appointed, approve or reject laws from the assembly.
Legislative assembly - people elected every 4 years. Had the power to approve or disapprove taxes. They also had the right to create laws.
Ordinary people - right to vote for the first time, but only to land-owning men over 21
Representative Government was a big step forward -
1792-Faults In The Representative Government
Legislative Assembly had the power to make laws but was more often than not shut down by the Governor and council's right to veto
The L.A. and Governor had different interests. The wealthy wanted to invest into big business and tax property so they could build canals and railways The L.A. wanted to tax goods, NOT property and didn’t want to invest into large projects that would not benefit them -
1834-92 Resolutions
Louis Joseph Papineau (a lawyer and a seigneur), the leader of the Parti Patriote, wrote a letter containing the demands of the assembly in 1834 The main demand was for Responsible Government → members on the council should be chosen from the elected assembly, therefore the government made up by the people would be responsible for its decisions Papineau’s document was sent to London to be reviewed -
1837-Rebellions in Upper and Lower Canada
William Lyon Mackenzie led the rebellions in Upper Canada dealt with quickly
Papineau led the rebellion in Lower Canada
Several battles including
St. Charles
St. Denis (which the French won)
St. Eustache
But finally the British army overpowered the militia Patriot rebels.
They were poorly organized and not well equipped to fight the skirmishes either -
1837-10 Russell Resolutions
You write the King/Government back in Britain with a list of 92 demands… what do you think is going to happen?
They reject the request for an elected council
Instead of gaining power, the elected assembly actually lost some power
The governor, Lord Gosford, now had the power to take money from the provincial treasury to pay the officials in the colony
This really upsets the Patriotes and this begins the demonstrations that eventually lead to the rebellions -
1840-Act Of Union
Creates the province of Canada consisting of Canada East and West (Former upper and lower canada)
Canada East and West each had 42 members to its assembly
Governor still had control and veto power
Canada East and West each would equally pay for Canada’s depts (Canadian West owed 10x) -
1848-Responsible Government
The people would now elect the Legislative Assembly (Parliament)
The Prime minister (head of the party with the most voted) would form the cabinet (Executive council) who would propose laws that had to be approved through the assembly
The Governor and the Legislative council were still appointed but did not intervene even though pressured to do so (rich eng. merchants). -
1864-Charlottetown Conference
It was a conference where, the leaders of Canada West, Canada East, Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia considered merging together. This was only the beginning. Its purpose was to discuss the Canadian Confederation. There were multiple benefits to the union, economically and politically. They agreed to consider the merger between the two Canada's. -
1917-Conscription Crisis
When WWI began, thousands of British-born Canadians entered the army, however, the French Canadians were not interested in joining the army. Great Britain then needed more troops, which caused the Federal Government to put in a conscription which forced unexperienced men to join the army. -
1936-Maurice Duplessis
Maurice Duplessis was elected as Premier of Quebec in 1936. Duplessis was atraditionalist who supported Cathlocism, agriculture and the independence of Quebec from Canada. -
1970-October Crisis
The October Crisis occurred when members of the FLQ kidnapped the provincial cabinet minister Pierre Laporte and the British diplomat James Cross. This was an example of the extreme measures taken by some political parties in order to promote separatism and Quebec nationalism. The FLQ used violent acts in attempt to get power, however it failed and the majority of the members were jailed
