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60,000 BCE
First nations
WHo hold the power within the native groups,
Chiefs hold the power
In the Algonquin group, the best spokesmen become the chief. The men chose the chief.
In the Iroquois group, the best warrior becomes chief and he is chosen by the women. -
60,000 BCE
Official power and countervailing power
Official power is governed/administered through the central elected bodies
Countervailing power then is all the citizens, interest groups, unions, advocacy groups, corporation, etc who try to influence the state to act in their interest. -
Who holds the power in France
Louis 14 held the power in 1663 with royal absolutism. -
Who hold the countervailing power in France
Industrialization, because of their new ideas and their lead in capitalism -
Power relations between the french and the amerindiens
They allied with the Hurons and the Montagnais. The French looked for control over the fur trade. They also signed the Great Peace of Montreal. -
The treaty of paris
treaty of paris-New france ceded to the king of england except St.Pierre et Miquelon
The king of france need something to control the french population- royal proclamation -
Royal Proclamation
Renames the colony The province of Quebec
Decreases the border to around the st. lawrence river
civilian governement- king appointed a giovernor who appoined memebers to the executive council
english criminal and civil laws were applied
no new bishop would be allowed
no roman catholic could hold office(Test Act) -
Quebec Act 1774
The American revolution is happening--fear that the French will join the 13 colonies rebellion caused the creation. It guaranteed french Canadian loyalty, it enlarged the area of Quebec to include the great lakes. It still denied an elected assembly and the French civil laws were reinstated. The test oath was replaced with the Oath of Allegiance. -
America comes to fruition
After the war of independence, many people remain loyal to the king of Britain and do not want to remain in America.
Where do they go?
Only British civilians left Canada. 36 000 loyalists came to Canada and settle in the maritime or around the great lakes. 6 000 loyalist came to Quebec. They settle in the west of montreal or the eastern townships. -
Political parties in Upper Canada
The reformers were intellectuals and professionals Family compact were wealthy British conservatives. They wanted the government to stay in the hands of the British. They were rich, so they had connections to stay in power, which was good when they lost money because the population would vote against them. -
Political parties in Lower Canada
Chateau clique- wealthy British and French who supported British rule: true power broker. Parti Patriotes-wealthy and poor French; early separatists; intellectuals and professionals; unhappy with power. -
Constitutional Act
COnstitutional act
Québec splits up. Ottawa river was used as a boundary between the two canada’s
Upper Canada= roughly 20 000 people
entirely english
Protestant, used the township system and english civil laws
Lower canada= roughly 160 000 people
Mostly french people remember the 10%loyalists and merchants)
Kept their catholic religion, civil laws and now francophones could work in the administration of lower canada. -
92 resolutions
Louis joseph papineau (a lawyer and a seigneur) the leader of the Parti patriote, wrote a lette, contaning the demands of the assembly in 1834
The main demand was for Responsible Goverment-- members on the council should be chosen from the elected assembly, therefore the government made up by the people would be responsible for its decision
Papineau documents was sent to london to be reviewed
The king said no -
10 russell resolutions
They rejected the request for an elected council. Instead of gaining power, they lost some. This really upset the patriotes and this begons the demonstrations that enventually lead to a rebellion -
The French Canadian rebellion
William Lyon Mackenzie led the rebellion in Upper Canada. Papineau led the rebellion in Lower Canada. There were several battles, like the ones in St. Charles and St, Denis. Finally the bIriths Army took over the militia patriote rebels. The rebels were poorly organized and not well equipped to fight these skirmishes either. -
Aftermath of the rebellion
99 captured militants were condemned to death
12 went to the gallows
59 were transported to the penal colony of Australia
In total the six battles of both campaigns left 324 dead and 27 of them were soldiers and the rest rebels. -
Act of union
Creates the province of Canada, consisting of canada east and west. They each had 42 members to its assembly. The governor still had control and veto power. Each side would have to pay for the depts. This is the 4th constitution. -
London conference
In 1867- new self governing entity was created under the British North America Act. The new capital is Ottawa. Province of Canada becomes Ontario and Quebec. -
Concriptions crisis
French Nationalists criticized Canada's involvement in UK wars and voted against consription which meant it was mandatory to enlist for the army. -
Feminism
in 1917, women finally obtained the ability to vote federally. In 1940. Quebec granted women the right to vote--- previous leaders and the church were against this action. In 1964, women could perform legal acts without their husbands consent. In 1996, pay equilty and in 1997 daycares came to be. -
The great depression
High volume of unemployment
Conscription crisis number 2
Equalization of pay introduced in 19577.
Direct payments and the welfare state arise to appease the citizens and get them to vote for that party. -
Influence of the Roman Catholic church in Quebec
The church was still in charge of registering births, marriages, and deaths. They had control of the education, the orphanages, th shelters, the charities and the religious festivals. The attendance to chruch was very high. -
The quiet revolution
The quiet revolution was driven by cultural and political assertion of Quebecers and the desire for a governement with a more inetventionnist role. Jean Lesage was a lawyer and a federal politician for 4 terms in the federal parliament with the Liberals and later ran for head of the Quebec Lieral Party when the Conservsatives ousted Mackenzie King's federal Liberals in 1958. -
Nationalism In Quebec
More and more people proposed political sovereignty as the only solution to the problems facing Quebec. Multiple political parties cames to pass in the next decade. -
FLQ and the October Crisis
In 1970, The October Crisis occured, The FLQ kidnapped James Cross, a British diplomat and Pierre Laporte a french journalist. At the time Pierre Elliot Trudeau was Prime Minister. He eventually used the war measures act to call out the army and hundreds of FLQ members were arrested. Pierre Laporte was suffacated and his body was found in the trunk of his car and Cross was later released.
