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Period: 1500 to
Power
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The Great Peace of Montreal
-It's a peace treaty
-Agreement between the Natives and the French
-They agreed to stop fighting and have no wars
-New France and 40 native nations signed the treaty
-It lasted for 16 years
-Another name for it is "The Grand Settlement of 1701" -
Royal Governent
-King Louis 14
-He took away mercantilism system
-He fires company of 100 associates
-He starts royal government
-The sovereign council was the governor and bishop
-If the King wants to know about his colony he asks minister of marine
-The King and minister of marine never leave France
-The hierarchy is:
-The King
-Then the minister of marine
-Then the sovereign council which is the intendant, the bishop, and the governor
-Then the captain of militia
-And lastly the people -
Life in New France
-In New France, you needed to be autonomous because you had to make your own clothes and grow your own food
-There was nobody to do it for you
-You hunted for your meat and grew your crops
-You basically worked for yourself
-You made your own clothes
-New France wasn't really developing so settlers became self-dependent
-Life differed from France, where you had the very rich and massive numbers of poor/starving people -
Church and State
-The clergy was everywhere
-The priests were in charge of parishes
-The priests were working as missionaries
-The nuns were working in hospitals and schools
-The Divine Right of Kings applied
-The King of France was above god
-He had absolute power
-Absolutism -
Les Coureurs de bois VS Les Voyageurs
-The coureurs de bois lived in the forest
-They hunted for the fur
-They were hunters
-They were the behind the scenes peoples (the collectors)
-The voyageurs were the ones who delivered the parcels
-They were like UPS
-They delivered the furs to the trading posts -
Roles of the Sovereign Council and The Minister of Marine
-The Minister of marine is in charge of all the Kings colonies but he never leaves France
-The governor has the most power (veto power)
-The governor was in charge of the professional army, the defense of France and anything to do with the British and the Natives
-The governor was the one you needed to suck up to
-The intendant was in charge of all the things going on in New France, he was in charge of justice, he's like the mayor
-The bishop was in charge of everything to do with religion -
“No one is happy in the new Province of Quebec”
-Nobody was happy in Quebec
-No group was perfectly happy because no group had exactly what they wanted
-The French people weren’t happy because they were getting English ways and they were under the English law
-The English weren’t happy because their governors were trying to please the French -
James Murray #1
-He’ s the governor with the veto power
-He realizes that 1% of the population is not gonna make 99% of population change their ways
-He notices that the Royal Proclamation wasn’t gonna work
-He starts to bend the rules
-He doesn't want a revolt or for his soldiers to be killed
-So he makes adjustments -
James Murray #2
-He allows catholic religion by letting a new bishop come in
-He lets French laws back for minor crimes (major crimes have English laws)
-He did not call an assembly because it would favor the English merchants
-English merchants cry and complain
-So he gets fired -
Articles of Capitulation
-How things are gonna be run in North America until the war is over in Europe
-British are in charge they won in North America
-Surrender of the French
-French Militia can return home
-French professional soldiers go back to Europe
-People can practice their religion but the Bishop has to leave
-Citizens who choose to stay will become British subjects
-Most of the French businessmen, the wealthy ones, went back to France because they could afford to do so -
Guy Carleton
-Guy Carleton also recognizes the problem
-He doesn't change anything he keeps doing what James was doing
-He’s afraid of an American invasion
-Carlton wants to kiss the French’s butts so they won’t revolt and won’t join the American side
-Americans are getting annoyed
-French got some of their territories back
-He came up with the Quebec Act -
Royal Proclamation #1
-The King’s new colony name is changed
-We are now the province of Quebec
-Official making us a territory of the English
-They are now official putting in a Royal Government
-Military government is gone (soldiers)
-Civilian government is put in (regular white wealthy man, businessman)
-Everyone on the government is hand selected there was no voting
-The governor has veto power
-The governor appointed members of the Executive Council to advise him -
Treaty of Paris
-It put an end to the 7 year war
-All territory officially known as New France now belongs to Britain
-French only owned 2 little islands, Ile St. Pierre et Miquelon, for fishing
-France and Britain get together to make an agreement of Britain winning and taking all the land -
Royal Proclamation #2
-English criminal and civil laws were applied in the colony
-Unused land would be divided into squares (townships)
-They couldn’t have a new bishop
-No Roman Catholics could hold public office (Test Act)
-If you’re an official you are white, a man, Protestant, and you have a large bank account -
Quebec Act
-It's sole purpose to gain the loyalty of the French
-It enlarged the area of Quebec
-It denied an elected assembly
-It had a chosen council
-There were 17 people on a council that get chosen
-The French civil laws were back
-the seigneurial system and church tax is back
-There was a Test Oath:
-Test Oath of Allegiance (swear loyalty to the King)
-If you do the test oath you could hold office -
Loyalist Wishes #1
-They wanted:
-The townships system back
-Their laws back
-An elected assembly
-They send letters to London to make these changes
-The problem was the Quebec Act was just put in place and they wanted the opposite
-Years and years later they got their wish
-They couldn’t go back on Quebec Act because it was a signed agreement
-So they rigged it -
Loyalists
-Boston is where the war started
-Loyalists are people in 13 colonies who are loyal to British Empire
-They need to leave because now they are thought of as traders and everyone wants them out
-Most of them go to North America
-Some go to Maritimes
-Some go to the Islands
-Most go to Quebec
-The population in Quebec changes from 1% English to 10% English
-They changed the dynamics of Quebec
-The population increases -
Loyalist Wishes #2
-They divided Canada in two: Lower Canada and Upper Canada
-Quebec is lower and Ontario is upper
-Lower Canada was fully French and upper Canada was fully English -They did this so everyone could get what they wanted
-Now in upper Canada they would Protestant, they would use the township system and the English civil laws
-And in Lower Canada, the French got to keep their religion and people could work in admin -
Representative Government #1
-Fake way to make the common person think they have a say
-King
-British Parliament
-In Canada
-Governor: is the boss boss
-He is appointed by the king and the British parliament
-He commands the forces
-He’s in charge of administration
-He calls assemblies
-He has veto power
-He could personally create a law or remove a law
-He can turn down any new law others want
-He's a very very powerful man -
Representative Government #2
-Lieutenant governor: the governor's assistant
-Executive council: specific council chosen by governor
-Legislative council: British, English merchants, chosen, approve or reject laws from the assembly (hand-picked, benefits the English)
-Legislative assembly: French, farm peasants, people elect them every 4 years, they create laws and approve or disapprove the taxes (elected benefits the French)
-Legislative Assembly makes the rules
-Legislative council approves them
-Governor approves it all -
Representative Government #3
-Called representative because the people vote on representatives (legislative assembly)
-Ordinary people: has a say in the government for the first time (men over the age of 21 who owns land)
-First time the average Joe gets a say in parliament
-Upper Canada system ran somewhat smooth -
Constitutional Act
-The Province of Quebec was split into two pieces called Upper Canada and Lower Canada
-Lower Canada was almost entirely French (160 000ppl)
-Upper Canada was entirely English (20,000ppl)
-In Lower Canada, the French kept their religion, civil laws, and people could work in the admin
-In Upper Canada, the Protestants would use the township system and English Civil laws
-They divided Canda into two parts to satisfy the loyalists who came from the 13 colonies -
Faults in the Representative Government
-Legislative assembly had the power to make laws but whenever they tried to do so they were shut down by the governor and his council who had veto power
-The two sides had different interests:
-The wealthy governors & council members wanted to tax property
-The legislative assembly wanted to tax goods and didn’t want to invest in such large projects that wouldn’t benefit them
-This was worse in Lower Canada where the legislative assembly was French and there were constant issues over language -
The 92 Resolutions
-Joseph Papineau wrote the 92 resolutions
-Its a document that is sent to London, England
-It’s a list of things that the people think need to be changed
-The main demand was a responsible government
-That means all members of all assemblies are elected and there is no veto power (nobody is hand picked so it's fair)
-Britain hangs on to this document for three years -
The Rebellion #1
-In 1791 Lower Canada had 150 000 and in 1861 it had 1 152 000
-In 1791 Upper Canada had 10 000 and in 1861 it had 1 396 000
-What started it:
-The businessmen and the farmers weren’t agreeing
-What ended it:
-Lord Durham’s ideas
-Lower Canada formed two groups
-British party: controlled the councils and spent money on public works
-Parti Canadien (Patriotes): controlled the assembly and had power over taxes
-Issues were the two groups were so different and no negotiations could occur -
The Rebellions #2
-Patriotes started to speak that maybe they should rebel
-Bad weather leads to bad harvests→ famine→ disease
-The assembly wanted the councils to be elected
-More and more immigrants were arriving making land and jobs scarce
-William Lyon Mackenzie lead upper Canada
-Joseph Papineau lead lower Canada
-Lower Canada fought several battles:
-St. Charles
-St. Denis (they won)
-St. Eustache
-They only won the battle of St. Denis -
10 Resolutions
-Written by Lord John Russel
-It was the response of the 92 resolutions
-Those resolutions were no solutions and they didn’t fix anything that the people wanted
-There were no visible solutions
-The Patriots were insulted by the response
-So there was a rebellion -
The Rebellion #3
-The clergy supported lower Canada’s ideas but they didn’t like the violence
-12 Patriotes were hung
-58 were exiled to Australia -
Act of Union
-Upper and lower Canada is gone
-Province of Canada separates into Canada Est and Canada West
-It expands the territory from only Quebec and Ontario to the Maritimes too
-Canada East and West both had 42 members to its assembly
-Governor still had control and veto power (until he doesn't use it and gives it up)
-Canada East and West would equally pay for Canada’s debt
-Canada West has 10 times more debt then Canada East -
Responsible Government #1
-All men of a certain age get to vote on a legislative assembly
-The political party that has the most people sitting in that assembly wins
-Their leader becomes prime minister
-Prime minister chooses people from Legislative Assembly to be part of Executive Council
-The governor and the legislative council are appointed by the British Parliament
-The governor still has his veto power
-Executive council makes laws -
Responsible Government #2
-Legislative assembly votes on the laws made by the executive council
-Prime Minister chooses the Executive Council from members in the Legislative Assembly
-The Executive Council is made up of former members of the
Legislative Assembly so they will most probably agree on the law and pass it -
Charlottetown Conference
-Leaders of Canada East, Canada West, and the Maritimes get together in Charlottetown
-They are deciding whether they should merge together or not
-In the end, they decide they should merge together -
Quebec Conference
-The same members as last time plus Newfoundland
-They agreed on 72 resolutions to make the merger possible
-They will use a federal system
-They each (each colony) have 24 seats
-Their assembly is elected by “rep by pop”
-They build a railway between the colonies
-Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland is no longer involved
-Dorion’s Parti rouge opposed the federation
-The assembly of the Canada’s passed the confederation -
London Conference
-4 colonies meet to make arrangements to Release Canada from the British Empire
-They are a self-governing colony
-They are now called the Dominion of Canada
-Its capital is Ottawa
-Created under British North America Act (BNAA)
-On July 1st, 1867
-Containing 4 provinces: Quebec, Ontario, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia
-The other provinces joined later on -
Lord Durham
-Tried to make this never happen again
-He is not a bad guy
-He comes up with some logical solutions
-Unfortunately, the governor has veto power
-He thinks they need to increase immigration to drown out the French
-He thinks the two Canada’s should unite so the English would be the majority
-He thinks they should have a responsible government -
Maurice Duplessis #1
-He was traditional
-He started the independence of Quebec
-He liked the church
-Their morals
-Their values
-Their ways
-He likes what the church had to say
-He likes the rural area and the rural people
-He doesn’t push the Quebec economy
-His philosophies were:
-Keep the church in power
-People I don’t really care about you
-Do what you want
-He did not like unions -
Maurice Duplessis #2
-Union leaders wouldn’t vote for him
-Union leaders and members were mad
-Pierre Elliott Trudeau & Rene Levesque opposed Duplessis
-He defended provincial autonomy
-He was a French nationalist
-He thought Quebec should break away from Canada
-He had numerous battles with Ottawa
-Over federal initiatives in provincial jurisdictions
-He adopts the Fleurs de Lis as the Quebec flag
-He introduces income tax
-He opposed federal allowance payments to Quebec families
-He’s an old guy who has old values -
Maurice Duplessis #3
-He liked the farm life ad the country because they were really religious and they liked and respected the church and he was religious
-He tried to push agriculture
-People (Union leaders and journalists/intellectuals) don’t like Duplessis
-Union leaders because he was not helping the workers
He wasn’t interested and didn’t like unions -
Maurice Duplessis #4
-He didn’t like businesses and he didn’t treat the businesses like he should have
-He always gave money to Americans who probably wouldn’t spend their money here so it didn’t benefit Quebec
-If he would have given the loans to the Quebecers then it would it local and they would buy local -
Quiet Revolution
-We are starting to invest in Quebec
-State-owned (Hydro)
-We expand the Trans Canada highway
-Goods and services can be imported and exported
-We build the Montreal Metro
-We're investing in downtown since we were hosting expo 67
-We modernize education system
-No longer the church, now the government
-School is free until 16
-At 16 you can drop out
-MEQ is created
-MEQ creates the curriculum
-Weakens influence of the church
-Modernizing Quebec
-Trade jobs and schools
-Plumbing, mining
