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Dec 18, 1500
First Occupants
Iroquois: Society was a Matriarchy; leadership and decision making was the responsibility of women. Algonkians: Society was a Patriarchy; Father played vital leadership role. -
Relations between the Church and the State During French Regime
Church is implicated in political decisions because of its role in Sovereign Council.
Church is everywhere
-Priests in charge of parishes
-Priests working as missionaries
-Nuns working in hospitals -
Life in New France
Settlers had happy lives but it was HARD work. There was work to be done everyday (no holidays or sick days); Caring for crops, making clothes, fixing tools, preparing for winter. Helpful neighbours (kids worked the land so people could live). Because New France was not really developing settlers became self-dependent. the rich and the poor stuck together because there wasn't enough people, way more accepting of each other, if you didn’t talk to the peasants you didn’t talk to anyone -
Relations Between Amerindians and the Colonial Administrators During the French Regime
French were allied with the Hurons. Primary group to trade with the French. The Hurons were enemies with the Iroquois so that made the Iroquois enemies to the French as well.
The Iroquois were allies with the British and fought against the French (and Hurons) for control over the fur trade. -
Royal Government
Governor:highest rank, commander of army, defense, dealt with external affairs, Veto power
Intendant: most influential, chief administrator, controlled budget, collecting taxes, justice, seigniorial system, built roads, set up industries. Finances.
Bishop: appointed by the Pope,administered over Parish Priests, hospitals, schools, charities
Captain of Militia: Not on the Council but still had power
dealt with issues on seigneuries (could be considered Chief of Police) -
The Great Peace of Montreal
The Great Peace of Montreal was a peace treaty between New France and 40 First Nations of North America. It was signed on August 4, 1701, by Louis-Hector de Callière, governor of New France, and 1300 representatives of 40 aboriginal nations. -
Articles of Capitulation rules
(Once the british took over, this rules were established to stay until the war in europe is resolved, when they would then make more permanent rules)
The French Militia could return home, no one would lose their property (canadiens)
-The French Regular military would lay down their arms and leave.
-The people could practice the Roman Catholic religion, but the Bishop would have to leave
-The people who stayed would become British Subjects. -
Treaty of Paris
7 years war ends. All the Territory known as New France is given to the King of England except two small Islands, (St.Pierre, Miquelon).
French passes to the hands of the british
People that live on St.Pierre and Miquelon were the only 2 places with french passports. They are basically fishing islands. Today, they have unwritten rules where there 2 islands have their own finishing land and the other canadians fish other places. -
ROYAL PROCLAMATION
- It gives the King’s new colony a name, The Province of Quebec
- It decreases the borders to just around the St-Lawrence river valley.
- Put in place a civilian Government to run the new Colony:The King appointed a Governor who then appointed members of an Executive Council to advise him.
- English Criminal and Civil laws were applied.
- Unused land would be divided by the Township System
- No new Bishop would be allowed
- No Roman Catholics could hold public office (Test Act)
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Difficulties of the first Governors
James Murray found the Royal Proclamation unworkable, only 1% of the population of Quebec was Eng/Protestant. To make the rest of the French Roman Catholics content, he bent the rules.
Wants 1% english protestant to get along with the 99% french catholics.
James tried to do the right thing but neither population is happy now
He allowed a new Bishop (Monseigneur Briand)
He allowed French laws in the lower courts
He did not call an elected assembly because it would favor the English Merchants -
Quebec Act
-Guarantees French Canadian loyalty
-Enlarges the area of Quebec
-Denied an elected assembly
-Appointed counsel (minimum 17 members)
-French civil laws were instated, tithe and seigniorial system are back -
Effects of the Loyalists
36,000 loyalists came to Canada (Most settled in the Maritimes)
6,000 loyalists came to Quebec (Most settled West of Montreal)
The English population of Quebec had a sudden increase (1%-10%)
They settled according to the Township system.
They gave their settlements English names.
The Loyalists were used to English civil laws.
They were used to having elected assemblies.
They started writing petitions to London for change.
After years of complaining they finally got their wish -
The Constitutional Act
The Constitutional Act 1791- The Province of Quebec was split in two pieces called Upper Canada (because it was up river) and Lower Canada (it was down river) Lower Canada-was almost entirely French (160 000 ppl)
In Lower Canada the French kept their religion, civil laws, and people could work in the administration. Upper Canada-was entirely English (20,000 ppl)
In Upper Canada the Protestants, would use the township system, English civil laws -
The rebellions of 1837-38.
-The leader of the Patriotes was Louis Joseph Papineau, and in 1834 he wrote 92 Resolutions, their main demand was for Responsible Government and the government made up by the people would be responsible for its decisions.
This document was sent to the British Government to be looked at
Lord John Russell responded with the 10 Resolutions
This response was taken as an insult and rebellions broke out in both Upper and Lower Canada. -
Act of Union
Creates the Prov. of Canada consisting of Canada East and West (former upper and lower Canada).
Canada east and west each had 42 members to its assembly
Governor still had control and veto power
Canada east and west would equally pay for Canada’s debts -
POLITICS IN THE 1860’s
-The political system had become responsible but no one could agree on who should be in charge, no party could win a majority government.
-The party leaders agreed a merger was necessary, meetings were needed to discuss such things:
The Charlottetown Conference: Leaders of Canada East/West meet with the leaders of three Maritime Provinces they left the meetings agreeing to consider a merger. -
Politics Part 2
The Quebec Conference:
Same members of last time (+ Nfld.) They agreed on 72 resolutions that would make the merger possible…
A federal system
24 seats to each colony (total 72 seats)
Assembly elected
Build a railway between colonies -
The London Conference
Leaders of the 4 colonies meet to make arrangement to release from the British Empire to become a new “self-governing” colony. THE DOMINION OF CANADA! With its capital of Ottawa was created under the British North America Act. -
Influence of Church during Contemporary period.
-After 1837 the bishops became more and more powerful, the cures became the most important person in the parish.
-Church was still in charge of registering births,marriages,deaths
-Controlling education (Laval University 1852)
-Orphanages, Shelters, Charities, Religious festivals
-R.C. Church attendance was high
-Protestants were divided (Anglicans, Presbyterians, Methodists, Baptists) Ministers still influential but not as powerful as R.C.
-Protestant Universities: McGill(1821), Bishops(1843) -
Influence of Church during Contemporary period.
-After 1837 the bishops became more and more powerful, the cures became the most important person in the parish.
-Church was still in charge of registering births,marriages,deaths
-Controlling education (Laval University 1852)
-Orphanages, Shelters, Charities, Religious festivals
-R.C. Church attendance was high
-Protestants were divided (Anglicans, Presbyterians, Methodists, Baptists) Ministers still influential but not as powerful as R.C.
-Protestant Universities: McGill(1821), Bishops(1843) -
FLQ
The F.L.Q.(Front de Libération du Québec) is a Quebec nationalist terrorist organization.
The main goal of this organzation was to attain independence for Quebec from Canada through the use of violence. October crisis(1970): FLQ kidnapped James Cross and Pierre Laporte. The Prime Minister Trudeau used the war measures act to call out the army, and hundreds of FLQ members are arrested. Laportes body is found in the trunk of his car, Cross is released. -
Bill 101
Only French signs were allowed in public spaces, only children with English speaking parents educated in Quebec could go to English schools (since changed to Educated in Canada) English fought back with Bill 178 and Bill 86 This battle continues and today the struggle of Quebec remaining in Canada continues, the parties involved are either
Federalists-want Quebec to stay
Separatists-want Quebec to be independent -
Quebec Nationalism
Why Separate?
Because of their cultural differences and oppressive struggle since English overtaking many French in Quebec see themselves as Quebecois not Canadian, belonging to an independent nation.
Have they tried?
Leader of the PQ Rene Levesque felt so strongly about the issue that he held a referendum in 1980, about 60% voted against the issue of separation. -
Native Issues
In the summer of 1990 Mohawk warriors established road blocks on the borders to their reserves in Oka just outside Montreal, when a golf course wanted to expand its 9 holes onto native land. The natives militarily organized themselves and the Canadian Forces were called in to handle the situation.
The Oka crisis lasted 78 days, when the stand-off finally came to an end with out armed conflict, however the issues remained.
