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Period: to
Cold War
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Smith Act
The Smith Act is a federal law passed by the U.S in 1940. It required fingerprinting and regulating of all aliens in the US. It became the foundation of later prosecutions of members of the Communist and Socialist Workers parties -
G.I. Bill
G.I. Bill was established on June 22, 1944. It is also called the Servicemen’s Readjustment Act of 1944. The G.I. Bill offered to WWII veterans. The bill provided grants for school and college tuition, low-interest mortgages, hiring privileges, and unemployment payments. This legislation was later extended these benefits to all who served in armed forces and it is still around today -
Truman Doctrine
The Truman Doctrine was established by President Harry S. Truman on March 12, 1947. He asks for U.S assistance for Greece and Turkey. He wanted to stop the spread of communism to the two nations. It pledged to provide U.S. military and economic aid to any nation threatened by communism which was about $400 million for Greece and Turkey to resist communist. -
Marshall Plan
The Marshall Plan was established by George Marshall. This recovery program was meant to help rebuild Europe from the aftermath of World War II. It restored the faith in capitalism and American labor, farming & manufacturing practices helped Europe get back on their feet. The United States gave over $13 billion in economic assistance for Europe -
House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC)
The House Un-American Activities Committee was created to catch Nazi spies. HUAC investigated Americans for communist sympathies. They mainly targeted communists & former communists in the US. HUAC implicated hundreds of actors & directors Hollywood and testified them to Congress. They also targeted Hollywood’s influence over Americans. People such as Eleanor Roosevelt, Harry Truman, and Martin Luther King were targeted. -
The Fair Deal
The Fair Deal was a domestic policy established by President Harry Truman. Truman announced the Fair Deal in a speech on January 5 1949. The deal raised minimum wage, better public housing and also extended old-age insurance to more people. The Fair Deal was a extension to the New Deal. -
Period: to
1950's
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Television
World War II slowed the introduction television. In 1955, 75% of the population owned black & white televisions. On TV's, Their was entertainment like the news and TV shows. Their was shows such as “I Love Lucy” & “Father Knows Best”. These shows showed the structure of Ideal families, obedience and hard work. Politicians used TV’s for things such as Richard Nixon “Checkers Speech” and Kennedy & Nixon debates. -
Ike Turner
Ike Turner was an American musician, bandleader, songwriter, arranger, talent scout, and record producer. Ike Turner is one of the founders of Rock N Roll. Turner formed a band named The Kings of Rhythm when he was a teenager. The biggest hit was "Rocket 88". He is mostly known for his work with his wife Anna Mae Bullock who is known as Tina Turner -
The Beat Generation
The Beat Generation were artists, novelists & poets. They were also “Beats” or “beatniks”. Many of them rejected American materialism & culture. They also rejected home ownership, careers and marriage. This generation was the foundation for war protests in 1960's. They borrow slang from black community such as “dig it” and ”man”. -
Period: to
Civil Rights
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Dr. Jonas Salk
Dr. Jonas Salk was an American medical researcher best known for the research and development of a polio vaccine. When the vaccine was approved, He became a national hero.The vaccine was then distributed freely in the nation's schools. His vaccine helped saved many lives. -
Polio Vaccine
The Polio vaccine was developed by Dr. Jonas Salk. The vaccine was announced on a national radio show. Polio affects the spinal cord causing muscle weakness and paralysis. The vaccine deactivated the virus. The vaccine became effective and removed Polio from the US by the year 1994 -
Julius & Ethel Rosenberg
Julius & Ethel Rosenberg were Soviet Unions. Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were convicted of stealing ideas and plans for the U.S. atomic bombs such as The Manhattan Project. The two gave the Soviets secrets as they were Soviet spies. Julius and Ethel were tried and executed and left behind two sons. Because of this incident, Everyone was scared of a potential nuclear attack. -
Bill Haley & The Comets
Bill Haley & The Comets was an American rock and roll band that was founded in 1952. They were known for one of their first major rock n roll songs of the 1950's named "Rock Around The Clock." The band was one of the earliest group of white musicians to bring rock and roll to the attention of white America and the rest of the world. -
Little Richard
Richard Wayne Penniman as known as Little Richard is an US African-American singer. Richard also learned how to play piano at church. As a result of being a pianist, He made hit songs such as "Tutti Frutti" and "Good Golly Miss Molly. Many of his hits defined the development of rock and roll in the mid-1950s. His music also played a huge role of other popular music genres such as soul and funk. -
Emmett Till Tragedy
The Emmett Till tragedy occurred in Money, Mississippi. Emmett Till supposedly whistled at a white girl named Carolyn Bryant. Till and his cousin rushed away from the scene of the incident. A few days later, Emmett was abducted from his uncle's house. He was driven away to a shed and got beaten badly. Till was driven to a river and got shot in the head. His body was tied to a cotton gin fan with barbed wire. Three days later, His unrecognizable body was found in the river. -
Montgomery Bus Boycott
The Montgomery Bus Boycott happened 4 months after Emmett Till's death. The boycott started with Alabama native Rosa Parks. Parks boarded the back of the bus to the colored section, but a white man demanded her seat. She refused to give up her and was thrown in to jail. Jo Ann Robinson started the word of a boycott and was successful. The bus company was going out of business because riders started to carpool. The boycott with last for a year. -
Eisenhower Interstate Highway System
The Interstate Highway System was launched by President Dwight D. Eisenhower. Eisenhower signed the Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956. The Interstate Highway System was for civilian & military use. These highways were used evacuation of cities in case of attack & mobilization of the military. -
Elvis Presley
Elvis Presley was born on January 8, 1935. He was raised extremely poor. Presley adopted rhythm & blues and melded with gospel & country. Because of his style of music, he make Rock & Roll sensation. He created his own sexually suggestive dance style. As a result of his style of dancing, He was named Elvis the Pelvis. Elvis was known for taking music from African Americans like Big Momma Thornton “Hound Dog”. He made a television appearance on Ed Sullivan and offended millions of older Americans -
Southern Bloc
The Southern legislators were mostly Democrats. They opposed civil rights and filibustered passage of the act. Strom Thurmond was a segregationist from South Carolina. He filibustered for over 24 hours. This was the longest filibuster in U.S. history. The act was passed with enough support, but it didn't have enough protection and more legislation needed -
The Little Rock Nine
During The Little Rock Nine, Whites resist integration. Many segregationists resisted the Brown v. Board of Education court case. Central High School was slowly being integrate
fears of intermingling
Governor Orval Faubus
running for re-election
Denies entry to 9 black students by state troopers
Only white students admitted
Elizabeth Eckford
Violent lasts for days -
Orvaul Fabus
Orval Faubus was the governor of Arkansas. During Little of Rock Nine, He attempted to block the Supreme Court order of integration of the school by using the national guard. President Dwight Eisenhower used federal authority to force Faubus to obey the desegregation orders -
Sputnik
Sputnik was created by Soviet Union in the fall of 1957. This technology was the first orbiting satellite. The satellite is about the size of a basketball. It also beeped radio signals. Because of this satellite going into space, Americans were fearful of the Soviets technological superiority in the Space Race. -
Period: to
1960's
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The New Frontier
The term New Frontier was said by the youngest elected president, John F. Kennedy in his presidential speech. He want raised minimum wage, cut business taxes by 90%, and to land a man on the moon. At the time, Soviets still ahead in space race with their satellite Sputnik. -
The Peace Corps
The Peace Corps was founded by President John F. Kennedy in 1961. The program consisted of young college graduates working in poor countries like Asia, Africa, and Latin America. They had many humanitarian projects. -
The Bay of Pigs
The Bay of Pigs was an approved operation by Eisenhower to overthrow Castro. This operation carried out in Kennedy Administration. The CIA assured the success of the operation. As a result, the exiles backfired. Kennedy publicly takes blame for the failure, but he privately blamed the CIA -
Birmingham Bombing
The Birmingham Bombing occurred on September 15, 1963. The bomb was inside the 16th Street Baptist Church in Birmingham. The result of the bombing killed 4 girls. The Ku Klux Klan was responsible for the bombing and was highly upset about MLK’s march -
Assassination of JFK
On November 22, 1963, John F. Kennedy and his wife, Jacqueline Kennedy, flew to Dallas, Texas to campaign the re-election of JFK. After departing from the plane, JFK and his wife rode in an open-top convertible with Texas governor John Connally and his wife Nellie Connally. The couples took the route that traveled through downtown Dallas. Their route was publicized for several days and were people lined up to see JFK. While riding in the motorcade, JFK was fatally shot in the head and neck. -
Lee Harvey Oswald
Lee Harvey Oswald was born October 18, 1939. Harvey was an US marine. Oswald is known for assassinating former president John F. Kennedy. He shot Kennedy from the sixth floor of the Texas School Book Depository as the President traveled by motorcade through Dealey Plaza in Dallas, Texas. Later that day, He was caught at a theater. Two days after being arrested, He was shot by Jack Ruby in the abdomen. -
Barry Goldwater
Barry Goldwater was the Senator of Arizona and an Republican nominee who was very conservative. He wanted opposed the New Deal & Great Society. He also oppose the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Social Security. As a result, He lost the Election of 1964 to President Lyndon B. Johnson -
Civil Rights Act of 1964
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was passed under President Lyndon B. Johnson. This act banned segregation in businesses & places open to the public. It also made it illegal not to hire based on race or religion. This gave the government the power to enforce all laws governing civil rights, including desegregation of schools and public places. -
Gulf of Tonkin Incident
The Gulf of Tonkin Incident occurred on August 2, 1964. America was attacked by North Vietnamese torpedo boat and became neutralized. Few days later, another “attack” happened. Their was no ships reported and the radar was supposedly “not working”. It was a setup by Johnson administration. As a result, The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution was passed by Congress on August 7,1964. It repel armed attack and prevented further aggression in Vietnam. -
Hippies
Hippies were part of the counterculture movement. They also rejected the ways of American life. They practiced free love, took drugs, and flocked to San Francisco. Rock music became a catalyst for hippies. Artists such as Bob Dylan, the Beatles, and others transform music to match counterculture ideals. Woodstock was the most monumental events for the hippie movement in New York . -
Counterculture
The counterculture seceded from the Beat Generation. They rejected middle class values and material possession. They used drugs such as LSD and Heroin. They got to explore their inner selves. Some of them lived in separate communities. They endorsed in love and peace -
Great Society
The Great Society was established by President Lyndon B. Johnson. It was like the Democratic version of the New Deal but went beyond. The Great Society main goal was to eliminate poverty and racial injustice. Congress passed many Great Society measures such as Medicare, Civil Rights Act if 1964, and federal aid to education. -
Selma March
The Selma March happened on March 7, 1965. The march was known as Bloody Sunday. There was about 600 marchers that walked 50 miles to Montgomery, Alabama. African America wanted the right to vote. MLK was also included in the march. The police waited for the marchers at Edmond Pettus Bridge. The police ordered them to go back, instead protesters kneeled & prayed. As a result, Clubs & gas were used on marchers. Many white spectators cheered and cameras captured the violence. -
Black Panthers
Huey Percy Newton and Bobby Seale were the two founders of the Black Panther Party. The Black Panthers were an paramilitary organization and was self-defense of black people. They stoked racial pride and inner city renewal. This organization was originally founded in Oakland, California. They would dress in black commando attire. Many whites feared the Black Panthers because of their militancy. -
LSD
LSD was an influential part of the counterculture movement. LSD was known as "acid" and it psychological effected the mind of people. This drug was discovered by chemist Albert Hofmann. -
Death of MLK
Martin Luther King Jr. was in Memphis, Tennessee for a speech at a church. At the time of his stay, He was at the Lorraine Motel. While King was talking on the balcony of the motel, He was shot. King was rushed to the hospital and dies their. MLK was assassinated by James Earl Ray. As a result of his assassination, Many cities were affected. Black protesters rioted throughout the country. -
Apollo 11
Apollo 11 was ran by the America's National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). President John F. Kennedy announced a national goal by landing a man on the moon. On July 20,1969 American astronauts Neil Armstrong and Edwin Aldrin became the first men ever to land on the moon. After this accomplishment, the USA dominated the Space Race. -
The Anti-War Movement
The Anti-War Movement was a protest held by students that started as the Free Speech movement in California and spreaded throughout the world. It was primarily a middle-class movement. The Anti-War Movement included people with the opposition to war in Vietnam and denounced U.S. presence there. They claimed this was violating Vietnam's rights. As a result,The movement resulted in growing activism on campuses aimed at social reform. -
Silent Majority’s involvement in politics
The term "Silent Majority" was said by former President Richard Nixon. Nixon solicits angry voters over the liberal policies. The New Deal programs that aided minorities were being disliked.
As a result, President Nixon cut the Great Society programs. -
Period: to
1970's
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The Equal Rights Amendment
On March 22, 1972, Congress passed the Equal Rights Amendment. Alice Paul , founder of the National Women's Party, first introduced the Equal Rights Amendment to Congress in 1923. The Equal Rights Amendment was to provide for the legal equality of the sexes and prohibit discrimination on the basis of sex. It failed to achieve ratification because an opposition lead by Phyllis Schlafly -
Phyllis Schlafly
Phyllis Schlafly was born in St. Louis, Missouri in August 25, 1924. She was a constitutional lawyer, writer, and conservative political activist. Schlafly organizes conservative women and they supported her. She was best known for her opposition to the Equal Rights Amendment. She feared of reduced rights for wives and thought it would harm family life. -
Title IX
Title IX of the Education Amendments is passed by Congress and was signed into law by Richard Nixon. This law prohibited sex discrimination in any educational programs or activities that are funded by the federal government. It allowed women today to play sports -
Roe v. Wade
In the 1970's, Jane Roe was an unmarried and pregnant Texas resident. In Texas, it was illegal to have an abortion unless it would save the mother's life. Roe filed suit against Henry Wade, the district attorney of Dallas County, stating it violated the guarantee of personal liberty and the right to privacy that was guaranteed in the amendments. The Supreme Court legalized abortion during the first trimester. -
Heritage Foundation
The Heritage Foundation was founded by Edwin Feulner, Joseph Coors, and Paul Weyrich. It issued policy proposals and attacked liberal legislation and the permissive culture they claimed it had spawned. This allowed advancement of principles of free enterprise, limited government, individual freedom, traditional American values, and a strong national defense. This was an American conservative public policy think tank based in Washington D.C. -
OPEC(1970)
OPEC stands for Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries. OPEC controls much of the world’s oil. The U.S. embargoed for supporting Israel. They made long lines for gas and speed limits dropped to 55 mph. President Nixon convinced the Israelis to give up some territory which ended embargo -
The Endangered Species Act
The Endangered Species Act was signed by Nixon on December 28, 1973. The act requires Fish and Wildlife Service to list endangered species such as plants and animals. They took steps to protect species after finding their identification. The act was enforced because wildlife was being killed off by industrialization and their environment was being poisoned. -
Gerald Ford’s Presidency
Gerald Ford was the 38th President of the United Stated. He became President after Richard Nixon resignation. Ford was also appointed Vice President by Nixon. Ford became the first president that wasn't elected in the nation’s history as a longtime Republican. Ford thought pardoning would help get over Watergate -
Nixon’s Presidency
Richard Nixon was the 37th president of the United States. He is also known as Tricky Dick. President Richard Nixon's strategy for ending U.S involvement in the Vietnam War involved a withdrawal of US troops with South Vietnamese forces. He was as the only president in history to resign from office. Nixon stepped down in the middle of his second term, instead of being impeached. He resigned because of his efforts to cover up illegal activities by his administration in the Watergate scandal. -
Jimmy Carter
Jimmy Carter was previously the Senator of Georgia and the Governor of Georgia. He later became the 39th President of United States. He began to seek a 2nd term of presidency as a democrat. During his time in presidency, He created a bad economy. In the 1980 election, the hostage crisis in Iran brought him down in candidacy for president. He failed to rescue hostages in Iran which results in Reagan defeating Carter in the election -
Period: to
1980's
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Election of 1980
The Election of 1980 was between Republican candidate Ronald Reagan and Democrat candidate Jimmy Carter. The United Conservative Coalition backed up Reagan in this election. Reagan had 489 Electoral College votes and Carter had 49. Reagan won the election by 8,423,115 popular votes. Carter lost the election because the hostage crisis brought him down. -
AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome)
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome is a disease caused by a virus that attacks a person's immune system. This disease affected thousands of homosexuals in 1981. This was known as the "gay plague. Unexpectedly, This disease spreaded to the heterosexual community by blood transfusions and bodily fluids. -
Reagan Presidency
Ronald Reagan was the 40th President of the United States. He was elected president in 1980 and served two terms. He was one of the oldest presidents in U.S. history. Reagan secretly armed Contras and Congress finds out. Reagan Administration continues illegally supplying weapons. During his presidency, Ronald Reagan had the Reagan Doctrine which supported rebels fighting communism and to get rid of communism. His economics policies called for the reduction of taxes and to create better jobs -
Reaganomics
Reaganomics is the economic policies of the former US president Ronald Reagan. Reagan's economic policy attacked the recession and stagflation. Reaganomics promised to cut income and corporate taxes. It was meant to encourage the economy and create better jobs. He wanted reduction in welfare spending and to massively increase in defense spending. -
Music Television(MTV)
On August 1, 1981, MTV was launched on television. This channel started in small market of New Jersey on cable. MTV originally aired music videos as guided by television personalities known as "video jockeys" (VJs), but they also music videos and music news. This station define pop culture and changed generations. -
Sandra Day O’Connor
Sandra Day O’Connor was formally a Judge of the Arizona Court of Appeals for Division One and a Senator of Arizona. Former President Ronald Reagan nominated Sandra Day O’Connor for Supreme Court. She became the First female Supreme Court Justice. During her time in the Supreme Court, She sided with conservatives of the court and later was on the Sides with liberals on. In 2006,She retires due to her husband’s declining health of Alzheimer's. -
SDI (Strategic Defense Initiative) “Star Wars”
SDI (Strategic Defense Initiative) “Star Wars” was a program first initiated on March 23, 1983 under President Ronald Reagan. The SDI was meant to be satellite anti-missile system that would orbit the earth to protect the USA from any Soviet missiles. US intended to give Soviets the same technology and hoped they would go bankrupt. As a result, SDI failed for U.S. -
Challenger Explosion
The NASA space shuttle Challenger exploded on January 28, 1986. After 73 seconds of liftoff, The space shuttle busted into flames and took the lives of seven astronauts. It was later discovered that two rubber O-rings had failed due to cold temperatures from the morning of the launch. The tragedy and its aftermath received extensive media coverage and NASA temporarily suspend all shuttle missions -
Iran Contra Affair
A political scandal in the United States that came around in November 1986. The Sandinistas are pro-Communist and overthrow pro-American dictator in Nicaragua in 1979. President Ronald Reagan secretly armed the Contras against Sandinista and Congress finds out. Reagan Administration continues illegally supporting the Contras, selling weapons to Iran and exchanged for the release of American hostages. -
Oprah Winfrey
Oprah Winfrey was born January 29, 1954 in Kosciusko, Mississippi. Winfrey and her family were living in poverty. While growing up, she was molested by her cousin, uncle, and a family friend. Oprah later creates a well-known talk show that discussed issues & trends of the day. Oprah Winfrey is an American media proprietor, talk show host, actress, producer, and philanthropist. She is also known as the richest black woman on Earth. In 2008, She supported Obama in his campaign. -
Period: to
1990's
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Rodney King Incident
Rodney King was an African American. He became a mark on racial tension in America. In 1991, King was brutally beaten by white Los Angeles police officers. His beating was videotaped and shown to the nation. His incident led to riots which lasted about six days in 1992. The riot left 64 people dead and 2,373 were injured. -
Election of 1992
The Presidential Election of 1992 was between Democratic William “Bill” Jefferson Clinton and Republican George H.W. Bush. Clinton was the Governor of Arkansas. In the election, He was charismatic and understanding. Bush had large deficits and he down turned the economy, but he was popular for Persian Gulf War. Independent candidate Ross Perot took away Bush votes. Clinton had 370 Electoral Votes and 44,909,806 Popular Votes. Bush had only 168 Electoral Votes and 39,104,550 Popular Votes. -
Health Care Reform
The Health Care Reform was under Clinton's Administration. Clinton wants healthcare to be nationalized. This was almost a 100 year goal. He proposed an enforced mandate for employers to provide health insurance coverage to all of their employees. Bill Clinton gives the task to his wife, Hillary Rodham Clinton. The Health Care reform fails until 2009 -
George H.W. Bush
George H.W. Bush was formally the 43rd Vice President of the United States to President Ronald Reagan. Bush was also a Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Texas's 7th district, Director of Central Intelligence, etc. He later became the 41st President of the United States. He mainly focused on foreign policy. During his presidency, Unemployment rates and economic concerns rose. He was not reelected for a second term. -
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
The North American Free Trade Agreement took effect January 1st 1994. It created a free-trade area between the US, Canada, and Mexico. NAFTA knocks down trade barriers. They provide tariff-free movement of goods and products, but their were rules put in place for several industries.This resulted in Americans losing jobs from NAFTA -
Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell Policy
The Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell Policy took effect during Bill Clinton's Administration. This policy affected homosexuals in the military. The act prohibits any homosexual or bisexual from disclosing his or her sexual orientation or from speaking about any homosexual relationships, while serving in the United States armed forces. Military authorities were forbidden to ask about a service member's orientation, and gay service personnel could be discharged if they publicly revealed their homosexuality. -
E-mails
Electronic mail or e-mail has been around since the 1990's. E-mail's are a form of internet communication. Email let people communicate and stay in touch electronically across the globe with desktop computers. The United States Postal Service began to lose money because of electronic mail. -
Lewinsky Affair
In the late 1990's, President Bill Clinton had an affair. The affair included Clinton has affair and a White House intern, Monica Lewinsky. Lewinsky was soon transferred to the Pentagon where she revealed her affair with Clinton to Linda Tripp. Kenneth Star hears about affair from Tripp. The affair became public and Clinton denied the relationship but later admits to it. The House of Representatives wants to impeach Clinton because he lied. As a result, He didn’t get 2/3 vote for impeachment. -
Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA)
The Defense of Marriage Act was passed in 1996 by Congress and signed into law by President Bill Clinton. The law allows states not to recognize same-sex marriages performed legally in other states. The law also prohibits same-sex couples who are legally married or are recognized as a couple as a result of a civil union from collecting any federal benefits that married couples get such as not being able to leave a spouse rights of inheritance, joint tax returns, or tax exemption -
Period: to
Contemporary
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Election of 2000
The Presidential Election of 2000 was between Democratic candidate Al Gore and Republican candidate George W. Bush. Bush had 271 Electoral Votes and 50,456,002 Popular Votes. Al Gore had only 266 Electoral Votes and 50,999,897 Popular Votes. Gore filed a lawsuit against Bush and took it the US Supreme Court. SCOTUS decided 5-4 that Bush wins the elections and judges couldn’t be told how to count votes. Gore wins the popular vote by half a million, but Bush won the electoral college -
Al Gore
Al Gore was born March 31, 1948. Gore is a politician. He served as a former Congressman and Senator of Tennessee. He also served as the 45th Vice President of the United States from 1993 to 2001 under President Bill Clinton. He mainly focused on climate change. As a result, He earned a Nobel prize. In 2000, He ran for President. He won the popular vote but lost Electoral College to George W. Bush -
9/11 Attack
On September 11, 2001, The US had a devastating terrorist attack. Their were 19 al-Qaeda men that boarded four airplanes. They hijacked and crashed the four commercial aircraft. The first two planes hit the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center in New York City. The third plane crashed into the Pentagon in Washington, DC because they couldn't find the White House. Lastly, The fourth plane learned about the attacks and nosedived into a field. About 3000 people died in this terrorist attacks. -
Patriot Act
The USA PATRIOT Act was signed into law by President George W. Bush on October 26, 2001. The USA Patriot Act is an acronym for Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism. The purpose of the act is to expand the government’s law enforcement powers, detain immigrants, and wiretapped suspected callers without warrants. The USA Patriot Act was passed by Congress as a response to the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. -
No Child Left Behind Education Act
No Child Left Behind Education Act was a law passed by President George W. Bush. This law was meant to improve the failing Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965. The NCLB required students to be tested in math and reading yearly. Schools that are unable to meet the Adequate Yearly Progress (AYP) standards of NCLB will be given assistance. If schools continued to fail, There would be harsh consequences and loss of funding. -
Hurricane Katrina Disater
In 2005, Hurricane Katrina had hit New Orleans. Hurricane Katrina began as a very low pressure weather system, but it strengthened to become a tropical storm. During the storm, The levee system failed to hold the floodwater . This became a bad view Bush administrations. He was widely criticized for the lack of federal response. Bush administration was accused of not showing sympathy to those who were affected by the massive storm. More than 1300 people died, while the damages were $150 billion. -
Election of 2008
The Presidential Election of 2008 was between Democratic candidate Barack Obama and Republican candidate John McCain. Obama defeated beat his opponent John McCain by having 365 Electoral Votes and 69,456,897 Popular Votes. John McCain had only 173 Electoral Votes and 59,934,814 Popular Votes. President Barack Obama was known as the 1st African American president. This election also became first time that two senators ran against each other. -
American Recovery and Reinvestment Act
The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act took effect under Obama Administration. This bill was a response to the Great Recession. The purpose of The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act is to create new jobs and save existing jobs
The government spent about $700 billion for the this bill -
Sonia Sotomayor
Sonia Sotomayor was born on June 25, 1954 to Juan Sotomayor and Celina Baez. In 1992, She was nominated by former President George H.W. Bush to become a U.S. District Court Judge. In 1998, She was also nominated U.S. Second Circuit Court of Appeals by Bill Clinton. In 2009, Sonia Sotomayor became the first Hispanic and third woman justice in the Supreme Court's history. She was appointed by President Obama in 2009 and became the Associate Justice of Supreme Court. -
Affordable Care Act (Obamacare)
Obama gets passed reforms for private health insurance. The purpose of the Affordable Care Act was that everyone was required to have insurance or have a individual mandate. Many liberals were upset because the US didn't have a single-payer system like Europe. In 2018, Republican Congress overturned individual mandate.
