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Trinity Test
When WWII broke out, American scientific community was fighting to catch up to German knowledge and advancing atomic power. The U.S government authorized a top-secret program for nuclear testing. The development became known as "The Manhattan Project." In Los Alamos, 1945, scientist tested their first successful atomic bomb on the Trinity Test site. The site was chosen in the Jornada De Muerto Desert and was perfect because of how isolated the are was and the good wind conditions for testing -
Period: to
Cold War
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Nagasaki
During WWII, American bomber B-29 dropped an "A-bomb", or also an Atomic Bomb. In Nagasaki Americans dropped "Fat Man" killing 40,000 people. It was recorded that "Fat Man" was stronger than the atomic bomb before it in Hiroshima. Nagasaki's geography allowed the effects of the bomb to reduced and limit the area of destruction to 26 square miles. Six days after the bomb was dropped the emperor of Japan announced that Japan was surrendering. Shortly after VJ day was celebrated in the states. -
Berlin Airlift
After WWII, Germany was separated into four zones occupied by the French, Soviets, Americans and British. In 1948, Berlin, also being divided that way, had its highways, railroads and canal blocked off by the soviets. There was no access to and from Berlin from the west. For people who were in West Berlin, their supplies were running out fast. Without a way of getting supplies in, Britain, France, and the U.S supplied the citizens by air. A plane took off or landed in Berlin every 30 seconds. -
Joseph McCarthy
Joseph McCarthy was an anticommunist and was a first term Senator of Wisconsin.He spent five years attempting to expose communist and those who posed a "loyalty risk" in the U.S. McCarthy made a lot of insinuations and suspicions which made citizens believe that the U.S government had communist. Many did not speak out against McCarthy because of how intimidation he was. In 1950, he declared he the knowledge of knowing the names of 205 who were part of the Communist Party, many lost jobs. -
Dr. Jonas Salk
Before Dr. Salk had created the vaccine for polio, Salk was a medical student at New York University and aided in the development of flu vaccines. In 1947 he had become the head of research laboratory at the University of Pittsburgh and was later awarded in 1948 a grant to study the polio virus and possibly develop a vaccine. Salk conducted the first human trials on former polio patients and himself. In 1953 he had gathered enough information to announce what he had found while researching. -
G.I Bill
The G.I Bill is officially called the Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944. The G.I Bill was created to help veterans of World War II get back on track. The bill established hospitals, made low interest mortgages available and granted the coverage of tuition for veterans attending college or trade schools. Almost 9 million veterans received nearly 4 billion dollars from the unemployment compensation. The education and training provisions were in place until 1956. G.I Bill disregarded race. -
Beat Generation
By the 1950s, a cultural movement named the Beat Generation had an influential impact on culture and literature. University students were beginning to question the materialism involved with their society. The Beat Generation was know for questioning, and thought runaway capitalism as destructive to human spirit. The founders of the Beat Generation met at Columbia University, and created their own visions of literature and culture. Many poems and books came from people who identified with Beats. -
The New Deal
Truman gave a Fair Deal speech saying that everyone in the U.S. has the right to a fair deal. He stated plans for national health care insurance, public house, legislation on civil rights and educational federal aid. He advocated in raising the minimum wage, giving federal assistance to farmers, including an extension for Social Security and implementing anti-discriminatory policies in a work environment of employment. A lot of the things that he advocated for were from FDR liberal agenda. -
Period: to
Civil Rights
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Period: to
1950s
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Little Richard
Little Richard had his first major break when a performance at an Atlanta radio station gave him a record contract with RCA. His song "Tutti-Frutti" became an instant BILLBOARD Hit that reached No.17. In 1956 and 1957, Richard made more rock hits and including Elvis Presley and Jerry Lee Lewis, Little Richard established rock as a real musical form that inspired others, most notably the Beatles. Little Richard attracted fans with his piano skills and his suggestive lyrics for each of his songs. -
Albert Sabin
Albert Sabin followed in the footsteps of Dr. Salk after Salk created the polio vaccine. Sabin introduced the first oral vaccine for polio, eventually replacing the shot that Salk made. The vaccines virtually removed the disease in the states, many debate about the science. Sabin dug deeper into the polio virus and found out where polio first attacked. Sabin had felt that having an oral vaccine would be far more superior than a injection because it would be easier to administer to a patient. -
Polio Vaccine
American medical researcher Dr. Jonas Salk announced on national radio that he has successfully tested the vaccine against poliomyelitis, the virus responsible for the crippling disease called polio. 1952 brought an epidemic of polio with 58,000 new cases reported in the United States with more than 3,000 deaths from it. In 1954, clinical trials and placebo were tried on two million American schoolchildren. In 1955, it was finally announced that the vaccine was in fact effective and safe to use. -
Brown v. Board
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka is considered a landmark Supreme Court case where justices ruled unanimously that racial segregation of children in public school was unconstitutional. The court case was one of the very first sparks of the civil rights movement. It established the precedent that "separate-but-equal" in education and other areas it did not actually mean that they were equal. It took time for schools to integrate, even though it ruled out the Plessy v. Ferguson court case. -
Elvis Presley
Elvis had graduated high school one year before he was getting attention for his music in 1954. He had infused black rhythm and blues songs with his own style that included dance moves that were considered suggestive for his time. In 1956, his first umber one hit was "Heartbreak Hotel" and Elvis has suddenly become a national sensation. Teenagers filled up his shows. In 1957, Elvis had received a draft letter and served as a G.I all the way up until 1960. Elvis trains at Fort Hood for 6 months. -
Rock 'n' Roll
Many historians believe that Rock 'n' Roll could be traced to 1954, where a new type of music appeared and revolutionized musical tastes among mostly young people and changed the world. Rock 'n' Roll derives from two forms of musical styles called Rhythm and Blues and Country. Many middle-class white believed Rock 'n' Roll was tasteless because rock and roll originated among the lower classes and black people. Rock and roll was banned by many radio stations, but it still was able to dominate. -
Emmett Till Tragedy
On August 28, 1955, after being told that his wife Carolyn Bryant, Roy Bryant and his half brother kidnapped Emmett Till from where he was staying. Both of the men beat him brutally and shot him in the head. The disposed of him by tying barbed wire and throwing him into Tallahatchie River. Bryant supposedly told her husband that Emmett had whistled and flirted at her. Emmett Till's body was beyond unrecognizable, and the men were trialed but were cleared of all charges. The men later admitted. -
Montgomery Bus Boycott
Montgomery Bus Boycott was was a civil-rights protest where African Americans refused to ride buses in Montgomery, Alabama. It was in protest of segregated seating. The boycott lasted a little over a year and was regarded as the first large-scale U.S. demonstration against segregation. Rosa Parks was arrested and fined for refusing to yield her bus seat to a white man. The U.S. Supreme Court ultimately ordered Montgomery to integrate its bus system, and Martin Luther King, Jr. became important. -
Sputnik
Sputnik was the beginning of the "Space Age" for the Soviet Union in 1957. Sputnik was the first artificial satellite. Sputnik directly translated from Russian means "satellite" in English. It was 22 inches wide and weighed 184 pounds and would make a rotation around the Earth every hour and a half. Sputnik transmitted radio signals to Earth. In 1958, scientist had predicted that the orbit would explode and it did. The U.S was surprised at how advance the Soviet Union was in space technology. -
Little Rock 9
A formerly all white school, Central High School in Arkansas was tested because of Brown v. Board of Education court case. On September 4, the first day of that school year, 9 black students were blocked from entering the school by Governor Orval Faubus. Faubus called in the Arkansas National Guard to prohibit students from entering, but Eisenhower nationalized the guard and were now under presidential orders. Later that month, he sent in federal troops to escort the Nine around the school. -
Space Race
On October 4, 1957, the Soviet Union launched the first ever satellite into space. Sputnik was the first man made object in space and in Earth's orbit. Americans worried and surprised about the launch of Sputnik that the U.S started pushing their space program. A year later, the U.S launched Explorer 1, which was also a satellite. President Dwight D. Eisenhower ordered the creation of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, also known as NASA. The U.S when they landed on the moon. -
Politics (Nixon, Kennedy)
John F. Kennedy and Richard Nixon had their first televised presidential debate and were the soul reason why the Kennedy-Nixon debates had a major impact on the outcome of the elections. During their election, Russia was advancing in the Space Race while both countries were in the middle of the Cold War. Both candidates had to focus on situations like civil rights, the Cold War and mostly racial questions like desegregation. Nixon focused on the foreign policy as a major political aspect. -
Hippies
The Hippies were a counterculture movement that were known for rejecting the mainstream American life. The movement first appeared in college campuses in the United States and eventually other countries like Canada and Britain. The "hip" in Hippies comes from slang for the term Beats in the 1950s. The U.S involvement in the Vietnam War made the a different type of counterculture called the "Yippies" (Youth International Party) who were young people involved in the political opposition in Vietnam -
LSD
Lysergic acid diethylamide, or commonly known as LSD is a hallucinogenic drug that was first created by a Swiss scientist in the 1930s. While the Cold War was going on, the CIA conducted experiments with LSD and other drugs for the use of mind control, information gathering and other purposes. Eventually though, the drug was a huge symbol for the 1960s counterculture. Hallucinogenic drugs, like LSD, were now used as recreational drugs the rave parties. LSD trips depend on how much is taken. -
Counter Culture
The 60s brought a period of new values and norms especially for the young. College aged men and women were becoming politically involved in activism and became the driving force behind anti-war and civil rights movements. Other young people left behind mainstream culture and altered their appearance and and lifestyle . Women were now beginning to openly protest against the traditional roles of a housewife and mother that was forced upon them by society. Universities were the setting of protest. -
Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee
The Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee was formed to give young blacks a larger voice in the civil rights movement. During the Greensboro sit-ins at a lunch counter that was closed of to blacks. They were created for the younger blacks because many felt the SCLC did not meet the needs for younger blacks. The SNCC was encouraged to break integration and follow Martin Luther King Jr.'s advise of non-violent protest to get their message out and gain the support needed for their success. -
Period: to
1960s
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Bay of Pigs
In April 1961, the CIA tried to push push Castro from power. That same year, the CIA began to launch what they believed would be the final strike to remove Castro from power. The CIA planned an invasion of Cuba with the help f 1,400 American-trained Cubans who fled their homes. Sadly, the invasion did not go as the CIA had hoped for. The invaders were outnumbered by Castro's troops and had no other choice but to surrender after 24 hours of fighting in Cuba. President Kennedy took the blame. -
Peace Corps
John F. Kennedy issued the executive order to establish the Peace Corps. The Peace Corps was proven to be one of the most innovative and highly publicized Cold War programs to be set up by the United States. The Peace Corps was set up as trial program, and made sure to clear the significance of underdeveloped nations to the U.S. Many people who were in Congress were skeptical about the program's effectiveness and costs towards "backwards" nations. Kennedy didn't want his warning to be ignored. -
Cesar Chavez
Cesar Chavez was a migrant worker who founded the National Farm Workers Organization Committee. His union joined with the Agricultural Workers Organizing Committee. The two organizations raised a strike against grape growers in California and eventually became the United Farm Workers. Chavez was known to draw attention to his cause by organizing boycotts, marches and hunger strikes. He had conflicts with legal barriers, but was able to improve conditions for Cali, Texas, Arizona and Florida. -
Lee Harvey Oswald
Lee Harvey Oswald was the man responsible for the assassination of President Kennedy. There was a large controversy when it came down to how many people were involved in the assassination. The Warren Commission was the commission took the case to investigate the murder. Chief Justice Earl Warren has the head of the commission and investigated from November 29, 1963 to September 24, 1964. The commission concluded Oswald was the only man involved in the shots that killed President Kennedy. -
Warren Commission
Lyndon B. Johnson established the Warren Commission to investigate the assassination of John f. Kennedy. The investigation went on for nearly a whole year, Chief Justice Earl Warren had concluded that Lee Harvey Oswald had been the only one involved in the assassination of Kennedy. Many believed that the result of the commission was controversial an many kept on making conspiracy theories. Other investigations that weren't in the Warren Commission have reported different findings on the murder. -
Assassination of JFK
While traveling through Dallas,Texas, President Kennedy was assassinated in his open-top convertible. Kennedy was was sitting next to his wife Jacqueline Kennedy and right behind Texas Governor John Connolly and his wife. On November 22, the four of them traveled through motorcade in the streets of downtown Dallas. Their vehicle passed the Texas School Book Depository Building where Lee Harvey Oswald had allegedly fired three shots from the sixth floor, killing Kennedy and injuring Connally. -
Jack Ruby
Jack Ruby was a Dallas nightclub operator who killed Lee Harvey Oswald two days after Oswald committed the crime of killing President Kennedy. While Oswald was being transferred from the city jail to the county jail, Ruby appeared out of the crowd and fired a gun at Oswald. The death of Oswald was witnessed by millions of Americans on live television. Ruby was convicted of murder and claimed it was out of grief. His conviction was overturned in 1966, but Ruby died of cancer that same year. -
Great Society
President Lyndon B. Johnson created the Great Society as an ambitious series of policy initiatives. Johnson had the main goals of ending poverty, reducing crime, abolishing inequality and improving the environment. In My 1964, President Johnson introduced his agenda of the "Great Society" while giving a speech at the University of Michigan. Johnson had taken over for President Kennedy, so he wanted to be reelected. Johnson was focused on the Great Society and made it the largest social reform. -
Freedom Summer
Freedom Summer or also known as Mississippi Summer Project was a registration for voters that was sponsored by civil rights organizations. Congress was included when it came for Racial Equality and the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee. Freedom Summer was aimed to increase the black vote in Mississippi. There was a total of 1,000 out of state volunteers who were mostly white. The Ku Klux Klan and police carried out violent attacks against activist, some of which were beatings. -
Anti-War Movement
The anti-war movement was mostly see on college campuses, as members of the leftist organization SDS or Students for a Democratic Society began organizing "teach-ins" to express opposition. During the Vietnam War, a large amount of the American population supported the administration policy in Vietnam, while a minority of liberals were making their voice be heard. The movement included many young people like students, famous artist and intellectuals and included members of the hippie movement. -
Selma March
The Selma March was part of the civil-rights protest that occurred in Alabama, 1965. The march's purpose was to register black voters in the South. It was a 54 mile march route from Selma to the capital of Alabama, Montgomery. The marchers were confronted with deadly violence from local authorities and white vigilante groups. The march had a world wide viewing while the protesters were being protected by the federalized National Guard. Martin Luther King Jr. raised awareness for the march. -
Ho Chi Minh Trail
The Ho Chi Minh Trail was a supply route used by the military that ran from North Vietnam through Laos and Cambodia eventually ending in South Vietnam. The route had maneuvered weapons, manpower, ammunition and other supplies from the communist-led North Vietnam to the supporters in South Vietnam. The U.S was aware of the amount of supplies the trail supplied to the Viet Cong. The U.S. Air Forces struck targets along the Ho Chi Minh Trail in neighboring Laos. Strong criticism came from the war. -
Watts Riots
The neighborhoods in Watts, Los Angeles, are predominantly black. The racial tension in the neighborhoods reached a breaking point after two policemen who were white arrest a black motorist who was suspected of drunk driving.Spectators gather near the corner of Avalon Boulevard and 116th Street. People were furious about the arrest, a riot began by the residents of Watts who were angered by their economic and political isolation. There were 5 days of violence leaving 34 dead and 1,032 injured. -
Black Panther Party
the Black Panther Party was founded in 1966 as a political organization by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale. The party challenged police brutality against the African American communities. The Panthers dressed in black leather jackets and black berets and organized armed citizen patrols of Oakland and other U.S. cities. In 1968 the Black Panther Party had around 2,000 members. The organization started to downfall as the FBI aimed at weakening the organization by using counterintelligence after 1968. -
Apollo 11
Apollo 11 carried astronauts Neil Armstrong, Michael Collins and Edwin Alden. About 530 million people watched the televised moon landing. Apollo 11 was launched from Cape Kennedy after President Kennedy made it a national goal to send men to the moon. Neil Armstrong became the first person to walk on the moon. The famous quote "That's one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind." came from that moon landing. The astronauts spent a total of two and a half hours exploring the moon. -
The New Right
The New Right Movement was the combination of Christian religious leaders, conservative business owners ideologies. The New Right Movement came after the Christian Right. By 1970s adult in the United States had identified themselves as born-again Christians. Many of the New Right movement thought that the "Liberal" media was corrupting the youth of the U.S because religion was taken out of school. The leaders of the New Right understood that mass communication had a large amount of potential. -
Period: to
1970s
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Watergate
Watergate is the office of the Democratic National Committee in Washington D.c. On June 17, 1972, a couple of burglars were arrested in the office early in the morning. Those burglars were directly connected to President Nixon and his reelection campaign. There was evidence of wire tapping and stealing important documents. During investigation, Nixon tried hiding the proof of his connection with the crime, but on 1974, he resigned his position as president and handing it to President Ford. -
Warren Burger Supreme Court
Warren Burger was the nominated by President Nixon and became the 15th chief justice of the United States Supreme Court in 1969. He was involved in Roe v. Wade by placing a vote on the court case. He was known to be conservative on most issues brought upon him, but was sure to keep "law-and-order" when someone was criminally accused. He believed the 5th amendment was a waste of time and that the courts were favoring the criminals. He presided on important court cases like Miranda v. Arizona. -
War Powers Resolution Act
The War Power Resolution Act was created or designed to limit the ability of the U.S. president's ability to be involved or escalate military action overseas. On requirement is that the president should notify congress after deploying and armed forces. Congress will limit how much time the military forces will stay deployed. The main reason why the war power acts were implemented was to avoid another war controversy like the one in Vietnam. There is question on how effective the regulations are. -
Roe v. Wade
Under the 14th Amendment, the Supreme Court ruled in a 7-2 decision, that woman are able to terminate their pregnancy legally as a right in the constitution. Norma McCorvey, or as Jane Roe in court documents, was went up against Henry Wade. Wade was the district attorney of Dallas Texas who had enforced the Texas law of prohibiting abortion. The Supreme Court began hearing the case in 1971 and argued again in 1972, until 1973 the final rulings of the case are settled. Abortion was now a right. -
Nixon's Resignation
During a televise event, President Nixon addresses that he will become the first president to ever resign. Nixon was at risk of being impeached after evidence of his involvement of the Watergate Scandal. Nixon was now falling under the pressure to resign because of media and public opinion. The day after his televised address in the oval office, Nixon officially left his presidency and handed it to his Vice President Gerald R. Ford, making him the 38th president of the United States of America. -
Federal Election Commission
The Federal Election Commission (FEC) was created by Congress in 1975 to enforce and execute the Federal Elections Campaign Act. The FEC is obligated to enforce limits and prohibitions on contributions, and the overseeing of public funding of presidential elections. There are six members of the Commission who are appointed by the president and are approved by the Senate. The members are in the commission for six years and and no more than three members can be of the same political party. -
Camp David Accords
While in the White House, the Egyptian President, Anwar el-Sadat and the Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin signed the Camp David Accords. The Accords set up the groundwork for permanent peace agreement between Egypt and Israel after 30 years of hostilities to one anothoer. The negotiations of the accords took 12 days of profound talks with President Carter in his Cam David retreat in the Catoctin Mountains of Maryland. The last of the peace agreement was the first between Israel and Arabs. -
Three-Mile Island
In south central Pennsylvania, Three Mile Island is the site of a nuclear power plant. In the March of 1979, mechanical and human errors cause the worst commercial nuclear accident in U.S history. The result was a partial meltdown that released dangerous radioactive gasses into the atmosphere due to the cooling malfunctioning. The Mile Island rose public fears about nuclear power and after the incident there has been no power plants built in the United States since the the Three Mile Island . -
Moral Majority
Moral Majority was the response towards cultural transformations that occurred in the U.s during the 60s and 70s. The Moral Majority is described as pro-family and pro-American. Conservative social values, people who were against abortion and other different social reforms were put against Moral Majority. The activities included voter registration, lobbying, and fund -raising. They opposed the U.S Supreme Court on the rulings that banned group prayer and Bible reading in public school. -
Iran Hostage Crisis
On November 4, 1979, more than 60 U.S hostages were taken by a group of Iranian students who stormed the U.S Embassy in Tehran. The cause of the Iran Hostage Crisis was in direct correlation to President Carter's arrangement to allow Iran's Shah who was demoted to come the United States for Cancer Treatment. The students took the hostages as a way to declare the end of American interference in Iran. The Hostages were released 444 days after the crisis, right after Ronald Reagan was elected. -
Rap Music
Rap is another of the true American musical art forms. Rap music derived from the streets as cyphers where dancers and spectators. or small gatherings of people combine listening to rappers rap. In New York, rap was becoming the type of music people danced to, and MC's began rhyming from late 70s music. In the 80s, rappers participated in rap battles in parks or local clubs. Record companies originally ignored rap, but later found out they could make money out of the growing sensation of rap. -
Robert Johnson
In January 1980, the BET, Black Entertainment Television, and was the first of it's kind. Johnson founded BET in 1979 with his wife Sheila. He became the first African American billionaire after selling the network in 2001. BET initially broadcasted two hours a weeks. It was the very first African-American network that targeted the black market. However after selling to Viacom in 2001, Johnson developed the RJL Companies. He is also the founder of Our Stories Films with his partner Weinstein. -
Period: to
1980s
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Space Shuttle Program
The space shuttle program' s first shuttle was Columbia and was piloted by John Young and Robert Crippen. The shuttle returned successfully two days later. The program was a huge success for NASA but had also brought tragedies. After many successful missions, 1986 was the year the Challenger disintegrated a couple of seconds after liftoff, it had killed all seven of its in person crew. After the incident, the space shuttle program was suspended for 3 years until it was opened in again in 1990. -
A.I.D.S Crisis
When strange cases of lung infections in five you gay men who were healthy appeared in Los Angeles, many did not understand what was going on. They all had signs of their immune system not working, and two had died by the time it was reported. !981 was the first year it was taken in account and out of 270 men who were infected, 121 had died. By the end of the decade more and more people are aware of what A.I.D.S is and there are more clinics and awareness. A reported 100 thousand A.I.D.S cases. -
Music Television (MTV)
MTV's programming in 1981 was full of basic music videos that were introduced by VJs or video jockeys and record companies provided them for free. A lot of the record industry believed MTV served as a promotional vehicle and more money was invested into making music videos. By late 1980s, MTV aired non-video programming that was directed towards teenagers and young adults. MTV pushed cultural boundaries and taste in music. The MTV Music Awards were created in 1984 and later MTV Movie awards 92'. -
Sandra Day O'Connor
In 1981, O'Connor became the first women to serve as a justice on the United States Supreme Court. O'Connor was confirmed by the Senate with a vote of 99-0 to become a justice. She was known for being firm but also just and was involved in Republican politics when not in court. She was a pioneer for women in the legal field when she was sworn in as the first female justice. She was considered a moderate conservative, she even opposed the reverse of Roe v. Wade even though shes republican. -
Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) "Star Wars"
Strategic Defense Initiative was a program that was first initiated on March 23, under the presidency or Ronald Reagan. It was intended to develop sophisticated anti-ballistic missile system to prevent missile attacks from other countries. One nation in particular was the Soviet Union. The nickname "Star Wars" was used because there were some ideas that seemed far fetched, like lasers. The U.S planned to intercept intercontinental ballistic missiles while they were still above the atmosphere. -
Reagan Doctrine
The Reagan Doctrine is how the Reagan Administration laid the foundation of his foreign policy. The doctrine supported "freedom fighters" as he once said, "Support fir freedom fighter is self-defense." Reagan continued his doctrine through both of his presidential terms and claims to have weakened Sandinista government. gett soviets to withdraw from Afghanistan. Though he claims success, domestic critics claim Reagan in fact just escalated bloody conflicts. -
Iran-Contra Affair
The Iran-Contra Affair freed American hostages who were held in Lebanon. The affair was a secret U.S government arms deal and also funded armed conflict in Central America. The exchange contradicted the U.S government's policy of refusing to bargain with terrorists or to aid Iran in the war with Iraq. The U.S government believed that Iran was a sponsor of internal terrorism. The Boland Amendment law was passed by Congre but it was ignored in order for the Iran-Contra Affair to have occurred. -
Challenger Explosion
The Challenger was the second shuttle to reach space and successfully completed nine missions that became milestones for NASA. When it launched for the 10th time, the shuttle exploded after 73 of liftoff. There were seven crew members and the explosion killed all of them. The shuttle launch had more media than usual and was carrying Christa McAuliffe who was planning on giving lessons while in orbit. The shuttle took weeks to clean up and remains were given to the families of those who died. -
Climate Change Findings Come Out
In 1990, the first report of the IPPC, shows that the Earth had warmed .05 degrees Celsius throughout the past century. Many find that the only way to stop the rise in temperature is to stop the rising greenhouse gas emissions. The UN hold conventions for negotiations regarding climate change. The negotiations begin after the UN General Assembly in that December. In 1992, Climate Change Convention was in Rio, where 154 nations promised to prevent dangerous greenhouse gas emissions by the 2000. -
Period: to
1990s
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Persian Gulf War/ 1st Iraq War
The Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein ordered an invasion on Kuwait in August 1990. Other Arab powers like Saudi Arabia and Egypt were surprised by the sudden attack, so the asked the U.S and other western countries to intervene. Hussein ignored the United Nations Security Council to remove itself from Kuwait. The Persian Gulf began in mid-January with Operation Desert Storm. On February 28, George Bush declared a cease-fire and was seen as an unqualified and simmered conflict for the 2nd Gulf War. -
Internet
The Internet had made it's appearance way before the 1990s, but it wasn't until 1991 that the Internet had been developed more thoroughly. The World Wide Web, contained information unlike the Internet that would send files from one place to another. College students created a web browser called Mosaic, later to be known Netscape. The browser allowed people to search the Web. It allowed users to see words and the pictures in one page and navigate scroll bars and links. Websites were set in 1992. -
Bill Clinton
Bill Clinton was the Democratic president, serving from 1993 to 200. During his presidency, America was in a peaceful and prosperous time, there was low unemployment, and declining crime rates. Clinton had appointed many minorities, including women, into top government positions. He appointed the firs female U.S secretary of state. In 1998, Clinton was impeached on charges that he had a sexual relationship with White House intern. Senate acquitted him due to his affair with Monica Lewinsky. -
Don't Ask, Don't Tell
The Don't, Don't Tell policy was one regarding the service of homosexuals in the military. The term was created after President Bill Clinton signed a law that directed military personnel to "don't ask, don't tell, don't pursue, and don't harass." When it was put into affect, the policy lifted a ban on homosexual service that was theoretically palce during World War II. The law stated that homosexuals and commander serving in the military were not allowed to discuss about sexual orientation, -
World Trade Center Attack 1993
On February of 1993, a rental van driven by terrorist was placed in the parking garage under the World Trade Center. The van contained six homemade bombs, ultimately causing six deaths and more than 1,000 injuries. During that time, it was one of the worst terrorist attacks seen in the United States. The bomb left a deep crater measuring several stories deep and brought smoke all the way up in to the top of the buildings. Both of the towers remained standing. Survivors were quickly rescued. -
Contract with America
The "Contract with America" was what outlined legislation to be enacted to be enacted by the House of Representatives during the first 100 days of the 104th Congress. The proposal had tax cuts, a permanent line-item veto, measures to reduce crime and give middle-class tax reliefs, and lastly, constitutional amendments for the term limit. All the sections, except for one, of the contract were passed by the House, under the Speaker of the House, Newt Gingrich.Gingrich was popular, but blamed upon. -
Lewinsky Affair
President Bill Clinton was involved in a sex scandal with White House inter, Monica Lewinsky. The affair began in 1995 and lasted up until 1997. Lewinsky ended up moving to a position in the Pentagon, where she told Linda Tripp about the affair. Tripp recorded the phone calls between Lewinsky and Clinton. Once news got out, Clinton denied allegations at first but later admitted to his relationship. Clinton was impeached for obstruction of justice and perjury.but was acquitted by Senate. -
E-mails
Email was first created in 1971, by Ray Tomlinson. In 1996, Microsoft released its Internet Mail and News 1.0 feature on Internet Explorer. After being inspired, a few companies like, Hotmail began to offer free internet email that they could use for free. When 1997 came by, around 10 million users world wide had free email accounts. Microsoft eventually bought Hotmail for $400m dollars in 1998. By 2001 email celebrated it's 30th anniversary with almost every business developed signing on. -
Oprah Winfrey
Oprah Winfrey became the first black woman to host her own nationally syndicated weekday talk show. By 1988 she was the first woman to own her own studio when she began Harpo Studios. In her talk show she encouraged her viewers to improve their lifestyle and improving the lives of others. She began a public charity called Oprah's Angel Network in 1998. The charity got a lot of public contributions to offer support and scholarships. Another foundation she formed was the Oprah Winfrey Foundation. -
Period: to
Contemporary
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Bush v. Gore
December 12, 2000, SCOTUS had reversed the Florida Supreme Court request for a recount of the states U.S president election ballots. The decision was 5-4, and granted Florida 25 votes in the electoral college, and eventually to the Republican candidate George W. Bush. During the finals times of the election, networks believed that Gore was the winner in Florida, but was later declared that Bush had actually had the lead. Gore wanted Bush to concede the election. Gore retracted his concession. -
9/11 Attacks
September 11, 2001 Islamic extremist group al-Qaeda were responsible for hijacking four airplanes and carried out suicide attacks against targets in the United States. Two of the four plane were flown into the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center in New York City. The Pentagon located just outside of Washington D.C was also attacked with one of the planes. The fourth hijacked plane crashed on a field in Pennsylvania. Around 3,000 people were killed during the 9/11 terrorist attacks in 2001. -
Patriot Act
The Patriot Act gives permission for investigators to use the tools that are already available to investigate organized crime and drug trafficking. The law allows law enforcement to use surveillance against more crimes of terror. The Patriots act gives law enforcement a wide range of techniques when they are trying to catch a crime. Penalties for those who committed terrorist crimes were increased because of the act. The Patriots Act came in result of the attack of the Twin Towers in September. -
Compassionate Conservatism
Compassionate conservatism relies on a lot of hope for the public school education. The president paces new standards of education since public schools are were children get the tool to survive in the future. It also fights poverty in homes, by encouraging work. Welfare was a big deal so George Bush wanted to better the country by being more compassionate towards those who were struggling. Helping didn't only stop inside the United States, compassion was later brought to other countries as well. -
No Child Left Behind Act
The No Child Left Behind Act allows federal education programs that are administered by the states. The law is a follow back of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act. In 2002, states are required to administer a test to students in the subjects of reading and math in grades 3-8 and only once in high school. The focus is to close the student achievement gaps by providing all children with equal opportunity to have high quality education. All students are expected to meet standards by 2014. -
Hurricane Katrina Disasters
Hurricane Katrina struck the Gulf Coast of the United States having a landfall rating of category 3. The hurricane brought sustained winds of 100-140 miles per hour and embarked around 400 miles across. The storm did a lot of damage, but it was the aftermath that created the most catastrophe. Levee's had a lot breaches led to a large amount of flooding, causing many to feel that the government did not feel that the federal government was quick enough to reach the needs of the people affected. -
The Great Recession
The Great Recession began in 2007 and didn't reach it's end until June of 2009. The real gross domestic product of GDP fell by 4.3 percent from its peak in 2007. The unemployment rate had risen by 4.5 percent from December 2007 to June 2009. The financial effects resulted in home prices falling 30 percent, and the Us household and nonprofit organizations fell from a peak of approximately $69 trillion in 2007 to a through of $55 trillion in 2009. The Economic Stimulus Act applied tax cuts. -
Housing Bubble
During the early 2000s there was a decline on the share of the mortgage market.There was a large amount of mortgage lending to existing homeowners refinancing with the belief of taking advantage of lower interest rates to be able to extract home equity. Though, their plans backfired and products became affordable when the economic condition changed. Many consumers without approved information, like fraudulent documents were receiving loans , but the housing market's interest rates were raised. -
Sonia Sotomayor
Sotomayor is a Supreme Court Justice who can be more on the liberal side of arguments. She served as a judge on the U.S Court Appeals for the Second Circuit from 1998 to 2009. On May 26, 2009, Sotomayor was nominated by Obama as an associate justice of the Supreme Court. She is known for siding with the city of New Haven, Connecticut when it had dismissed the results of a firefighter's examination because no minorities had passed the test to get a promotion. She moved on to write a book in 2013. -
Affordable Care Act
The Affordable Care Act, also known as Obama Care was enacted on March 2010. The goal of the act was to make health insurance available to more people. The law also reduces the costs for households with incomes between 100% and 400% of the federal poverty. Obama Care expanded Medicaid program to be able to cover any adults with income below 138% of the poverty line. It also supports innovative medical care delivery methods designed to lower the general cost of healthcare in the United States.
