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Puccini
Giacomo Puccini(1858-1924) was an Italian opera composer. He strove for realism and had a gift for delicate melodies. He was the most successful Italian opera composer after Verdi. -
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Mahler
Gustav Mahler was an Austrian composer who lived from 1860 to 1911. Some of his orchestral works could represent maximalism. He composed 5 orchestral song cycles, Lieder symphonies, and chamber music -
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Debussy
Claude Debussy was a French composer and pianist who lived from 1862 to 1918. He brought impressionism into the world making him a big influence on modern composers. He composed tone poems, piano works, chamber pieces, stage works, and songs. -
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Strauss
Richard Strauss lived from 1864 to 1949, and was a composer of tone poems and some of the first modern operas. His works epitomize maximalism. He composed symphonic poems, 15 operas, 10 Lieder, other stage works orchestral music, chamber music, and more. -
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Satie
Erik Satie lived from 1866 to 1926, and though not an impressionist, was a leader in new French aesthetics on which impressionism was built upon. He did dramatic works, songs, and piano works. -
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Schoenburg
Arnold Schoenburg(1874-1954) was the father of 12- tone music. He also was a very important teacher and taught Webern and Berg. Throughout his life he composed operas, symphonies, choral and chamber music, songs, cannons, and piano works -
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Ravel
Maurice Ravel(1875-1937) was a French composer who was extremely versatile and an expert orchestrator. He was an innovator in pianistic style. He composed operas, ballets, orchestral works, vocal pieces, and piano works -
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Webern
Anton von Webern(1883-1945), was Schoenburg's student and was known for his musical brevity and clarity of texture. He uses pointillism in his music. He composed symphonies, orchestral chamber and choral music, and songs. -
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Berg
Alban Berg(1885-1935) was a student of Schoenburg and was known for using expressive language and often being atonal. He composed operas, orchestral works, concertos, and chamber music. -
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Boulanger
Nadia Boulanger(1887-1979) was a very important teacher of 20th century composers, and most prominent American composers of the first half of the century studied with her. -
Impressionism
Claude Debussy introduced impressionism in music in France in the 1890's. While impressionism held onto many musical elements it abandoned the traditional rules that came along with them. Melody was important, but did not have to follow traditional expectations, instead it could be randomly placed and out of context. One big trait was vagueness throughout the musical elements. New tone colors were created because of Impressionism -
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Maximalism
The style of Maximalism was meant to push musical elements to the extreme. It wanted to expand forms, genres, and size of traditional music. Mahler and Strauss's style of writing can be fit into the Maximalism category of writing. It was meant to go outside of traditional standards held for composing music and held many motives and themes throughout. -
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Progressive Movement
During the time of post-romanticism the Progressive movement was coming along in America. The people of the United States were fighting to fix bad work conditions, allow women to vote, end child labor, and equality for all. -
Ballet
"Ballet" came to mean classical ballet at the start of the 20th century. -
Hawaii
Hawaii became a territory of the United States in 1910 paving the way for it to later become the 50th state. -
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Expressionism
Expressionism was the farthest from traditional of all the post-romantic styles. In Expressionism all 12 notes were treated equally and the notion of having a tonal center was removed. Atonality dominated this style as melodies were optional, and harmonies could not be analyzed. Expressionisms goal was strong emotional expression throughout the piece without the need for tonality. -
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World War I
World War I started in 1914 and involved multiple countries throughout the world fighting against one another. The Allied troops won and created a peace treaty known as the Treaty of Versailles in 1918. -
Woman's suffrage
Women were finally granted the right to vote once the 19th amendment was passed in 1919. This had been a long and ongoing fight to get this amendment passed. -
Prohibition
On October 28,1919 Congress passed the Volstead act against President Woodrow Wilsons veto. Which defined intoxicating liquors and carried penalties for producing them. This lead to speakeasies where people sold and bought these illegal drinks. It was repealed in 1933.