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Andrew Carnegie, citations
Google Images. 1913. Photograph. Library of Congress. Google Images. By Theodore C. Marceau. 22 Feb. 2010. Web. 08 Jan. 2013.
"Andrew Carnegie." PBS. PBS, 1999. Web. 21 Dec. 2012.
"Rags to Riches Timeline." PBS. PBS, n.d. Web. 21 Dec. 2012. -
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Andrew Carnegie
In 1901 he gave JP Morgan a quote on how much his metal works company would be worth, $480 million. JP Morgan bought the company right away. Carnegie then went out and gave away most of his money. He built 2,500 libraries, and gave money to learning institutions. By the time he died, he had given away $380 million. -
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Andrew Carnegie, pg. 1
Andrew Carnegie was born in Scotland in 1835. His father was a weaver, and when the mechanical looms came out he was out of a job. The Carnegie family was in poverty, and his mother pushed them to all move to America. They did and Andrew Carnegie got a job as a messenger, delivering messages to people in Pittsburg. He met Thomas Scott while delivering a message and Scott instantly liked him. He soon hired Carnegie as his personal assistant at the pennsylvania railroad. -
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Andrew Carnegie, pg. 2
When Carnegie got older he started working his way up in the company, eventually taking over Scott's job. In 1865 Carnegie saw potential in the iron industry and quit his job at the railroad. He starts working at Keystone Bridges, replacing wooden bridges with metal ones. He then invested a lot of money in the iron to steel process, creating his own company. He supported the unions, but his actions didn't, he often forced his employees to work long hours for low wages. -
John D. Rockefeller Works Cited
"People & Events: John D. Rockefeller Senior, 1839-1937 ." American Experience. PBS, 2000. Web. 21 Dec. 2012. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/rockefellers/peopleevents/p_rock_jsr.html. Photo:
John D. Rockefeller 1885. 2011. The Rockefeller Archive Center. Web. 3 Jan. 2013. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:John_D._Rockefeller_1885.jpg. -
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John D. Rockefeller (cont. page 2)
increase the efficiency in the business. He made his own barrels from his own lumber. He bought a kiln to dry the lumber to reduce shipping costs. Any profit made, Rockefeller put back into the company to expand and to make the company as efficient as possible. Rockefeller eventually bought out Clark’s share in the company. He brought in his own brother and created a refinery in Cleveland called “The Standard Works.” His brother was put in charge of all exports. By 1868, his company was the -
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John D. Rockefeller (cont. page 3)
largest refiner in the world. Rockefeller stated that the best way to make profit was to utilize the wastes as much as possible and that planning things out helped lead to success. On January 10, 1870, John D. Rockefeller created the Standard Oil Company of Ohio. BY 1871, Rockefeller had devised a plan to join all the oil firms together in one big organization. His plan helped oil companies succeed. -
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John D. Rockefeller (page 1)
John D. Rockefeller believed the collection of raw industrial material would create profit, especially oil. For a while Rockefeller debated on entering oil refining and settled his mind by entering Andrews, Clark & Company. Andrews had previous knowledge of shale-oil refining. The quality of oil was high in Pennsylvania, where the company was located. Rockefeller believed that attention to details would inevitably lead to success. While in the business, Rockefeller went to great lengths to -
Samuel Gompers Works Cited
"American Federation of Labor." USHistory.org. N.p., 2012. Web. 26 Dec. 2012. http://www.ushistory.org/us/37d.asp.
"Samuel Gompers (1850 - 1924) ." AFL -CIO . N.p., 2012. Web. 21 Dec. 2012. http://www.aflcio.org/About/Our-History/Key-People-in-Labor-History/Samuel-Gompers-1850-1924. -
Samuel Gompers Picture Works Cited
Purdy, J. E. Samuel Gompers, American labor leader. 1902. the United States Library of Congress's Prints and Photographs division . Web. 2 Jan. 2013. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Samuel_Gompers_cph.3a02952.jpg. -
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Samuel Gompers (cont. page 2)
Organized Trades and Labor Unions, serving as their president for almost forty years.
Unlike others, Gompers did not believe radical reconstruction was needed. With Gompers’ belief against it, the public and government showed its support. He kept things simple in his presidency. His role as leader fit him well due to his organization and his ability to be an effective speaker. Meeting with leaders of other craft unions, together Gompers and the leaders established the AFL. Samuel Gompers did not -
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Samuel Gompers (cont. page 3)
wish to unite the entire workforce in his federation, but only skilled workers. He was sharply against having “one big union,” but instead sought to transform the statuses, especially the economic status, of workers. Gompers believed that the workers could provide for themselves if they had their own economic power. Samuel Gompers was seen as the “unofficial leader of the labor world in America.” -
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Samuel Gompers (page 1)
Samuel Gompers created the structure for the most influential labor federation in the world, the American Federation of Labor. He was the first and served as the longest president of the American Federation of Labor (AFL). With hard work he made a confident workers’ organization. Gompers was elected as president of the Cigar Makers’ International Union. He served as president there from 1875 to 1878 and again from 1880 to 1886. He was an important part of the establishment of the Federation of -
Capitalism Works Cited
"The Triumph of Industrial Capitalism, 1850-1890." The Triumph of Industrial Capitalism, 1850-1890. N.p., 2010. Web. 07 Jan. 2013. http://wps.prenhall.com/hss_boydston_makinganat_1/1/429/109902.cw/index.html "What is Capitalism?." the World Socialist Movement . N.p., 13 Aug. 2006. Web. 26 Dec. 2012. http://www.worldsocialism.org/articles/what_is_capitalism.php.
Photo: "What Is Capitalism?" World Socialist Movement. Web. 07 Jan. 2013. http://www.worldsocialism.org/spgb/what-capitalism -
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Capitalism (page 3)
becoming the “leading capitalist nation of the world.” Unfortunately, with all of the strikes and boycotts, workers and owners of companies were arguing about the industrial capitalism. Capitalists were not happy because of the depressions of 1876 and 1893. Crops were worth less at harvest time than at planting time. -
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Capitalism (page 2)
to the capitalist class. The capitalists live off the profits. This is how capitalism works. Those in the working class know they need to work for money. The goal in capitalism is not to satisfy needs, but to make profit. People raise prices in order to keep their investments. There is competition between capitalists. Capitalism is the root to many problems, such as war and starvation. People drive to make profit and peoples' needs are put after this.
By the 1900’s, America was on its way to -
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Capitalism (page 1)
Capitalism is a relatively new social system. It exists in every country. There are two classes: the capitalists and the working class. There is not really a middle class. The capitalists is a small group that funds the producing and distributing of goods throughout different locations. The rest of the people are considered the working class. The working class sells their ability and work in exchange for a salary or wage.
Workers make goods. The goods are then sold for profit. The profit goes -
The Gilded Age, citations
Illinois During the Gilded Age. N.d. Photograph. Illinois During the Gilded Age. Web. 09 Jan. 2013. http://dig.lib.niu.edu/gildedage/.
"Digital History." Digital History. Digital History, n.d. Web. 21 Dec. 2012. http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtID=2. -
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The Gilded Age, pg. 2
This was the age of greed and guile, corruption, scandals, and unfettered capitalism. -
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The Gilded Age, pg. 2 cont.
Most of the businesses were shady and displayed their wealth. The rules of modern politics and business practices were just being written. The government tried to enforce moral purity, by outlawing lotteries, business on sunday, and banning obscene literature from public places. -
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the Gilded Age, pg. 1
The Gilded Age was originally a novel published by MarkTwain. It now stands for the decade after reconstruction. During that time there was major economic expansion, conspicuous capitalism, ostentatious wealth, and blatant political corruption. Heavy industry prospered, and by 1895 America was a major world economic force. The wealth of the country was not distributed equally, the factory owners having most of it. Only 10% of people earned $1,200 a year. -
Telephone (page 2)
financial backing for him. While working on the multiple telegraph, he explored the idea of being able to transmit speech electronically. On June 2, 1875, Bell experimented on the harmonic telegraph and found that he could hear sound over the wire. March 10, 1876, was proclaimed the birth of the telephone and the death of the harmonic telegraph. The first words heard over the telephone were spoken by Bell to his assistant, “Mr. Watson, come here, I want to see you.”
The telephone helped -
Telephone (page 1)
Alexander Graham Bell and Elisha Gray both experimented in making a telephone. They entered a legal battle to see who officially invented the telephone first. At the end of the battle it was decided that Bell was indeed the inventor of the telephone. Originally, Bell was only trying to improve the telegraph system. He wanted to know if it was possible to send more than one message at a time by using different frequencies. The telephone was a direct result of this. Bell’s father-in-law provided -
Telephone (page 3)
unify the country by increasing communication. In only one generation, it became a part of everyday life and revolutionized communication. In 1877, Bell formed the Bell Telephone Company. At first only businesses had telephones, but not long after, they became incorporated into households. By 1900, two million were in use. -
Telephone works cited
The American Journey: Reconstruction to the Present. N.p.: Glencoe, 2005. 561-65. Web. 30 Dec. 2012. http://www.rc255.will.k12.il.us/rcms255/textbooks/documents/chap19_001.pdf.
Bellis, Mary. "The History of the Telephone-Alexander Graham Bell." About.com Inventors. N.p., 2012. Web. 29 Dec. 2012. http://inventors.about.com/od/bstartinventors/a/telephone.htm. -
Telephone picture works cited
Photo:
Bell on the Telephone in New York (calling Chicago) in 1892. N.d. Photograph. The First Telephone Call. Web. 08 Jan. 2013. http://www.americaslibrary.gov/jb/recon/jb_recon_telephone_1.html -
Phonograph (page 1)
The phonograph was created in 1877 by Thomas Edison. He translated air vibrations made by a voice into indentations on tinfoil over a disc. The phonograph could repeat the sounds that had created the indentations. Unfortunately the discs wore out easily, after only a few times of repeating the sounds. There were many different names for the phonograph. Each was able to repeat the human voice, in song or speech, and instruments, too. This made music hearable worldwide. The phonograph -
Phonograph (page 2)
was a result of Thomas Edison’s work on the telegraph. Originally he wanted to know if it was possible to send a telegraphic message repeatedly over the line. He also experimented to see if it was true for voices, too. Edison saw that the indentations on the paper could “record” the voices and that he could play back the voices over and over again. Their voices were recorded by them speaking into a mouthpiece and a machine records the vibrations. In the first test run, Edison spoke “Mary had a -
Phonograph (page 3)
Little Lamb” into the mouthpiece. THis proved to be successful.
Edison did not file a patent until Dec. 24, making the day invented unknown. Some believe it was invented as early as August 12, 1877. Others say there is reason to believe the phonograph was created on Dec. 4, 1877 because that date is mentioned in one of Edison’s aid’s journals. The invention was an instant hit, but as the records only lasted a few playings, the popularity wore off after a while. -
Phonograph works cited
Bellis, Mary. "The Invention of the Phonograph." about.com. N.p., 2012. Web. 30 Dec. 2012. http://inventors.about.com/od/indrevolution/a/newspaper_3.htm.
"The History of the Edison Cylinder Phonograph ." about.com. N.p., 2012. Web. 30 Dec. 2012.
Photo:
Photograph. PHONOGRAPH REPAIR CENTER. Web. 8 Jan. 2013. http://www.angelfire.com/vt/phonograph/ -
electricity (page 2)
transport electricity over large distances, transformers. Electricity was soon powering factories, trolleys, street lights, lamps and there were electric lights in cars. -
Electricity (page 1)
Electricity had been around for a while by 1865, but new inventions were made using it. In 1879, Thomas Edison created the first working light bulb. Lewis Latimer created a longer lasting light bulb and the threaded socket. Edison also had electric facilities that distributed the electric to the light bulbs. In 1882, he started the first central electric power plant. It lit 85 buildings in New York City. George Westinghouse furthered the idea by creating a cheaper and more efficient way to -
Electricity Works Cited
The American Journey: Reconstruction to the Present. N.p.: Glencoe, 2005. 561-65. Web. 30 Dec. 2012. http://www.rc255.will.k12.il.us/rcms255/textbooks/documents/chap19_001.pdf. Photo:
Lightbulb Image. N.d. Photograph. Geek News Central RSS. WordPress, 6 May 2009. Web. 07 Jan. 2013. http://www.geeknewscentral.com/2009/05/06/quantum-dots-and-the-quality-of-light/lightbulb/ -
Immigration, pg. 1
Coming to America the immigrants saw the newly completed statue of liberty as a “lady of hope”, the immigrants mainly coming from Poland, Hungary, Italy, and Russia. A poem talking about letting the people seeking hope, freedom, and new life come here to find it, the “here” being America. About 20 million immigrants came to America between 1882-1914, and in 1900 14% of the population wasn’t born in America. -
Immigration, pg. 2
Most of the immigrants didn’t come to America to stay. They came to work, save money, and go back to their home to buy land. Even more immigrants came alone, expecting to return to families in a few years, though that was not the case. America was extremely racist against Asian people then, banning Chinese from even entering, and creating tons of laws prevent the Japanese from doing things like own their own land. -
American Federation of Labor (page 2)
support from the government and public because of their stand against radical reconstruction. By 1900, over 500,000 craftsmen were part of AFL. They were the first long lasting national labor union, and became the largest national labor organization and made life better for thousands of American craftsmen. -
American Federation of Labor (Page 1)
The American Federation of Labor (AFL) was formed by Samuel Gompers and other craft union leaders. All of the workers united to fight for higher wages and better work conditions. This simple cause helped eliminate downfall within the group. The AFL was made up of small craft unions and was a loose group. Only skilled workers were allowed to join the AFL. The group's demands had more power if there were not unskilled workers in the federation.
The AFL set strikes and boycotts, maintaining -
American Federation of Labor Works Cited
"American Federation of Labor." USHistory.org. N.p., 2012. Web. 26 Dec. 2012. http://www.ushistory.org/us/37d.asp. "Samuel Gompers and the American Federation of Labor." digitalhistory.com. N.p., 2012. Web. 26 Dec. 2012. http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtID=2&psid=3193. photo:
AFL. N.d. Photograph. Wikipedia. 15 Mar. 2010. Web. 7 Jan. 2013. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AFL-label.jpg. -
United MIne Workers of America, citations
"A Brief History of the UMWA." A Brief History of the UMWA | United Mine Workers of America. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Dec. 2012. http://www.umwa.org/?q=content/brief-history-umwa.
"United Mine Workers of America (UMWA) (American Labour Union)." Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopedia Britannica, n.d. Web. 22 Dec. 2012. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/616253/United-Mine-Workers-of-America-UMWA. -
United Mine Workers of America
The United Mine Workers of America (UMWA) was founded in 1890 when Knights of Labor Trade and the National Progressive Union of Miners and Mine Laborers merged. They banned discrimination against race, religion, and national origin. They also wanted the miners to get an equal share of the wealth they made. Most of the arguments over fair pay, safe workplace, and other benefits they had with coal mining companies were successful, often getting the workers what they had asked for. -
Elizabeth Gurly Flynn, citations
"Spartacus Educational." Spartacus Educational. Spartacus Educational Publishers Ltd, n.d. Web. 27 Dec. 2012. -
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Elizabeth Gurly Flynn, pg.1
Elizabeth Gurly Flynn was born august 7th, 1980 in Concord, New Hampshire. In 1900 her family moved to South Bronx, and she was educated in a local public school. In 1906, when she was 16, she gave her first speech on women and socialism. She was expelled because of her political activities. In 1907 she became a full time organiser for Industrial Workers of the World (IWW). In 1912 American Woolen Company reduced the wages of their employees, causing a strike. -
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Elizabeth Gurly Flynn, pg. 2
The IWW took over the strike which became known as the Lawrence Textile Strike. They counceled the workers to demand 15 percent wage increase, double-time for overtime work, and a 55 hour work week. 36 of the people there were arrested and most were sentenced to one year in prison. IWW campaigned and money was collected from all over america. for the workers. -
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Elizabeth Gurly Flynn, pg. 3
Elizabeth was personally in charge of the 1913 silk mill strike, and helped organise campaigns in Pennsylvania, Minnesota, New Jersey, and New York City. She was arrested 10 times, but was never convicted of any crimes. She also supported the foreign politics of the Soviet Union, and visited there frequently. She died there on an unknown date, september 1964. -
1892 Homestead Strike (page 1)
The Homestead Strike took place at Carnegie’s steel plant in Homestead, Pennsylvania. There were labor and management problems all over the country, strikes happening everywhere. The price of steel had gone down, causing the pay of the workers to be decreased as well. Henry C. Frick was the general manager at Carnegie’s steel plant and decided to cut the wages of the workers. Seeing as the workers’ contracts would expire in June, Carnegie decided to try to get the most profit out of them, -
1892 Homestead Strike (cont. page 2)
wanting as much armor plate produced as the workers could before their contracts ended. Frick was told to shut down the plant if the workers did not cooperate.
Frick shut down the plant and refused to negotiate with the whole union; he only wanted to deal with individuals. The leaders refused to dissolve their union. Carnegie believed the workers would sacrifice their union in order to keep their jobs, but he had underestimated them. 3000 out of 3800 workers voted to go on strike. Frick had -
1892 Homestead Strike (cont. page 3)
to build a fence to keep the strikers out. The people on strike believed they had some entitlement to the mill. Frick hired the Pinkerton Detective Agency’s private army. The workers warned the army not to come on land, but were ignored. No one knows who fired the first shot, but in the end the workers declared short victory as the governor ordered the state militia to break up the strike. Authorities charged the strike leaders with murder and charged 160 other strikers with minor crimes. -
1892 Homestead Strike Works Cited
"The Homestead Strike." American Experience. PBS, 1999. Web. 21 Dec. 2012. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/carnegie/peopleevents/pande04.html. Photo:
Homestead Strike of 1892. Web. 4 Jan. 2013. http://www.east-buc.k12.ia.us/04_05/US1/cj/cj1.jpg -
1894 Pullman Boycott (page 1)
May 11, 1894 - August 2, 1894
Certain events led to the Pullman Boycott of 1894. Work conditions, the rise of unions in railroad labor, and the depression of 1893 to 1898, were some of these events. The boycott was a result of past and present ideas clashing. Employers had found a way to reduce the power of skilled workers in the workplace. An employer named Pullman decided to adopt these ideas and cut workers’ wages when a short strike took place in his company in 1886. The woodworking -
1894 Pullman Boycott (cont. page 2)
departments were manned by mainly unskilled workers and less skilled workers by 1894. In order to try to increase the per capita of production, Pullman gave the workers wages per piece made instead of normal day wages. This angered to workers, pushing for the strike.
Workers complained of favoritism of foremen. Workers struggled because their wages were cut, but rent stayed the same. Workers couldn’t provide for their families. Their wages were cut more in order to produce more and for -
1894 Pullman Boycott (cont. page 3)
Pullman to make more profit. Those who complained were fired and the strike began. No one knew the outcome, but believed anything was better than their current wages. The workers asked the American Railway Union to help by boycotting all trains carrying Pullman’s products. The American Railway Union (ARU) agreed to help and they shut down rail traffic in 27 states. The mayor of Chicago even joined the cause, collected money for them, and kept the police from interfering as long as the boycott -
1894 Pullman Boycott (cont. page 4)
help and they shut down rail traffic in 27 states. The mayor of Chicago even joined the cause, collected money for them, and kept the police from interfering as long as the boycott was peaceful. Unfortunately, the boycott turned violent when troops were sent in to protect strikebreakers. The boycott was now deemed doomed and on August 2, 1894, ARU officially ended the boycott and the Pullman strikers surrendered. -
1894 Pullman Boycott Works Cited
Schneirov, Richard. "The Pullman Strike and Boycott." The Pullman Strike. Indiana State University, 2007. Web. 21 Dec. 2012. http://dig.lib.niu.edu/gildedage/pullman/events3.html. Photo:
May 11, 1894. 1890-1899. Blog at WordPress.com. Web. 4 Jan. 2013. http://todayinlaborhistory.wordpress.com/tag/pullman/. -
Motion Picture Camera
Louis Lumiere invented the first portable motion camera. He called it the cinematographe. The machine included a projector, a film processing unit, and a camera. He was the first person to present moving pictures to a paying audience of more than one. In 1891 the Edison company creates a kinetoscope, a motion picture camera. The kinetoscope only allowed one person at a time to view the moving pictures. -
Motion Picture Camera, citations
"The History of the Motion Picture." The History of the Motion Picture. About.com, n.d. Web. 29 Dec. 2012. https://www.google.com/search?q=the+first+motion+picture+camera&hl=en&client=firefox-a&hs=AEy&tbo=d&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=DYLtUJPHLMma2gWH34DwAg&ved=0CAoQ_AUoAA&biw=1024&bih=446 -
Triangle Shirtwaist Fire, pg. 1
The triangle shirtwaist fire in New York City killed 146 immigrant workers.The Triangle Shirtwaist factory was like a typical factory, but this one shows very well, the inhumane working conditions. The workers had low wages, long hours, unsanitary, and dangerous working conditions. The owners of the factories often paid subcontractors to hire workers, pay workers, and run the factory. -
Triangle Shirtwaist Fire, pg. 3
The fire happened on the first floor, and people believe that the doors were purposely locked to keep people in. When the fire was over 146 people out of the 500 workers were dead. Many people were upset, because the fire could have been prevented with a few simple precautions. All the other workers and family members of the dead protested. They demanded the owners be brought to court. -
Triangle Shirtwaist Fire, citations
"SWEATSHOPS & STRIKES BEFORE 1911." Cornell University. Kheel Center, 2011. Web. 21 Dec. 2012. The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire. N.d. Photograph. EVE Equal Visibility Everywhere RSS. By Suzanne Scoggins. Equal Visibility Everywhere, 25 Mar. 2011. Web. 04 Jan. 2013. -
Triangle Shirtwaist Fire, pg. 2
Normally, because of this, the factories were unorganised, and the owners rarely knew what the workers were getting paid, or even how many workers were employed there. The fire inspections and precautions were not sufficient, if there was any at all. -
Triangle Shirtwaist Fire, pg. 4
In court the owners stated that the building was fire proof. The verdict was not guilty, even though worker after worker testified that the only door that wasn't in the fire was locked. After that trial 23 individual cases were brought before a court against the owners, and three years after the fire the owners settled, paying $75 for every dead person. -
Triangle Shirtwaist Fire, pg. 5
The owners also were ordered to have the building inspected. Upon inspection, they found that the building was not fire proof. The interior was piled with junk, and the scraps were kept in non-regulation, flammable baskets. The inspector ordered the factory to be shut down, but the owners denied that that was their factory, and insisted that their factory was the model of safety. -
Colorado Coal Strike, Citations
"Coal Field History." Coal Field History. Colorado Digitalized Program Heritage, n.d. Web. 29 Dec. 2012. the website for the picture was blocked but here is the url for the google search https://www.google.com/search?q=colorado+coal+strike&oe=utf-8&aq=t&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&client=firefox-a&um=1&ie=UTF-8&hl=en&tbm=isch&source=og&sa=N&tab=wi&ei=t9PqUOj5L8OLrAHgloBo&biw=1024&bih=446&sei=utPqUKTSEsuHqQHQsoCwAQ -
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Colorado Coal Strike, pg. 1
The Colorado Coal strike was quite possibly the most violent strike of history. It lasted for 14 months, and 68 people died. The mines were notoriously unsafe, they were the second most dangerous mines in America, and between 1864-1912 1,708 people were killed in the mine. -
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Colorado Coal Strike, pg. 2
The workers were annoyed at the conditions of the mines and said they would strike if their demands weren't met. Their seven demands were:
Recognition of union. 10% increase in wages on tonnage rates (paid by tons of coal mined not hours). 8 hr work day. Pay for “dead work” such as laying rails, shoring, and timbering. Right to select own check weightman ( a person who weighed coal). Right to trade in any store, select own doctors, and choose own boarding places. Enforce mining laws and abolish -
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Colorado Coal Strike, pg. 3
company guard system. The company did not provide any of these things and 90% of the workers went on strike. united mine workers of america (UMWA) provided tents and ovens for the workers on strike. The workers on strike set up tents in front of mines to prevent the workers who didnt go on strike from entering and working in them. The company called militia in to set fire to all the tents adnd take everything they owned, killing people in the process. The strike ended in defeat of the union. -
Immigration, citations
"Digital History." Digital History. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Dec. 2012. http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/era.cfm?eraID=9.
I used the links underneath the title "The Huddled Masses".
