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Sep 8, 1500
Land bridge
Amerindians cross the Bering Strait Land Bridge to immigrate in North America. -
Period: Sep 8, 1500 to
Population 3
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Sep 16, 1500
The Iroquoians
The first occupants of Quebec's territory arrived many thousands of years before the Europeans. They came from Asia through the Bering land bridge approximately 30000 years after glaciations lowered the oceans' level. The Iroquoians praticed a sedementary lifestyle and lived in villages with hundreds of inhabitants who periodically moved from one region to another. They lived a life that relied on agriculture.
The Iroquoians nations settled down on the rich soil of the St. Lawrence valley -
Sep 17, 1500
The Algonquians
The first occupants of Quebec's territory arrived many thousands of years before the Europeans. They came from Asia through the Bering land bridge approximately 30000 years after glaciations lowered the oceans' level. The Algonquians were nomads, traveling in small groups according to the seasons. They lived by hunting, gathering and fishing. The Algonquians nations lived mainly in the forests of the Canadian Sheild and the Appalachian mountains. -
Sep 17, 1500
The Inuits
The first occupants of Quebec's territory arrived many thousands of years before the Europeans. They came from Asia through the Bering land bridge approximately 30000 years after glaciations lowered the oceans' level. The Inuits lived as nomads in the north of Quebec, around Hudson Bay and Ungava Bay. -
Sep 8, 1534
Jacque Cartier first voyage
In 1534, Jacque Cartier explored the St.Lawrence River region in search of a passageway to Asia and precious metals -
Sep 9, 1541
Jacques Cartier's third voyage
In May of 1541, Jacques Cartier set sail. Cartier had discovered the St. Lawrence River, set up friendly relationships with the Iroquoians who lived along its shores, and then kidnapped 2 sons of Chief Donnacona to take to France as proof of the New World. Cartier had then located the Iroquoian settlements of Stadacona (Quebec) and Hochelaga (Montreal). -
Samuel de Champlain
In 1605, the king ordered that he and other people go to Port Royal to settle a colony, but they failed to do so. He is the founder of Quebec in 1608. He first came into contact with Algonquins, and allies with them to trade for fur, only to become enemies to the Iroquois. -
Seignorial System
How the French separate their land. The Seigneur gets that land granted by the king in the hopes that it will be developed, so he uses peasants and such to work for him. The lands themselves are separated rectangularly and they all have access to water. -
Trading Monopoly
Rich merchants were granted a trading monopoly in exchange for financing their own trips in New France
A trading monopoly is: the exclusive exploitation of a resource (fur) or a market(New France) by an individual (rich merchants) or a company
this was great for the merchants because it took away most competition
In return, the King of France wanted these merchants to bring settlers with them to new France -
British Regime 1760-1867 Immigration policies
policies to promote immigration. If you recall when the British take control only the very wealthy French would leave New France. Therefore the population was 99% French and 1% English, however they are all now british subjects.
From 1763, British immigration begins, first to come will be the wealthy businessmen looking to take over.
From 1791, measures to encourage immigration(granting of land to shipping and railroad companies, immigration agents coming to the and of immigrants in London -
Royal Proclamation 1763
Document signed that officially gave New France to the British.
Renamed the territory to the Province of Quebec
English Laws and the Anglican church were introduced to the territory in order to attract British colonists.
This meant that Catholicism and French Law were no longer allowed. -
Quebec Act 1774
The province’s territory was expanded.
The oath of allegiance was replaced with one that no longer made reference to the protestant faith
It guaranteed free practice of the Catholic faith
It restored the use of the French civil law for private matters while maintaining the use of the English common law for public administration, including criminal prosecution. -
The Loyalists
Throughout the American Revolution, nearly 15-20% of the population remained loyal to the King of England.
About 46000 Loyalists came to British North America following the Revolution as the monarchy offered land and subsidies for those that settled in the colony
Nearly 10000 people settled in Quebec.
Many of them were farmers who chose to settle in Gaspe, Sorel, or south of the St-Lawrence River. -
british merchants
Arrival of british merchants in cities( not enough to change the composition of the population) -
Constitutional Act 1791
Opened up new land to be given to the Loyalists entering Canada.They colonized the Eastern Townships region of the Province of Quebec
Known as Townships, these pieces of square land were offered to the Loyalists tax-free
Between 1775 and 1812, about 15000 loyalists came to British North America
Also divided British North America to Upper(Ontario) -mainly English-Canadian and Lower Canada(Quebec)-mainly French Canadian -
Immigration of Loyalists and Americans
Immigration of Loyalists and Americans: The impact of the arrival of Loyalists and Americans on the formation of the population and the settlement of the territory. -
Demography of Quebec
1814 to 1861 Quebec(Lower Canada) population tripled due to natural growth
Approx.160000 after constitutional act to 660000 after Act of Union.(1840)
Between 1830 and 1840 many of the rural areas were over populated so many French Canadians moved to existing or newly created urban areas like Saguenay and Lac St-Jean
After 1840, between 22000 and 35000 French Canadians emigrated to the United States, mainly Vermont, Maine, Massachusetts and Rhode Island. -
Overpopulation of the seigneuries
Overpopulation of the seigneuries leads to:
Emigration to the forest regions of Quebec: Outaouais Temiscamingue and Western Canada
Emigration to the united states from about 1840 was high since there simply existed more opportunities in the USA. -
Colonization of new regions
Overpopulation and exploitation of forests leads to the opening up of new area: Saguenay, Laurentides, Abitibi-Témiscamingue, Mauricie and Outaouais. These new areas opened up, they were encouraged by the church, they were not always successful unless some natural resources were present. -
Emigration to the United states and the West
Emigration to the United states and the West: The impact of emigration to the United states and the West on the formation of the population
Overpopulation of the seigneuries leads to:
Emigration to the forest regions of Quebec: Outaouais Temiscamingue and Western Canada
Emigration to the united states from about 1840 was high since there simply existed more opportunities in the USA. -
Act of Union 1840
The french Canadian rebel group called the Patriots wanted better representation of French speaking people and businessmen but were defeated by the english speaking canadians.
This act united both lower Canada and upper Canada into one territory, Canada.
English became the official language
The French now found themselves as a minority. -
The Great Famine
Between 1845 and 1852, there was a period of mass starvation in Ireland.
Main food source was Potatoes and a disease made the potatoes not fit to eat.
Approximately 1 million people died and 1 million emigrated. -
Emigration to U.S
Overpopulation on the seigneuries leads to 1. Emigration to forest areas(Outaouais/western Canada) 2.U.S because of better opportunities in the cities 3. Some new areas are colonized/ encouraged to move to by church (Abitibi, Mauricie)
Many of the immigrants settled in the St-Lawrence valley and Upper Canada. -
Confederation - 1867
Under the British North America Act. The Provinces of Quebec, New Brunswick, Ontario and Nova Scotia join together to create the Dominion of Canada. -
Emigration to the USA
After the Act of Union many Canadians started leaving. At the turn of the 20th century the rate of emigration increased. Here are some of the factors for this:
Shortage of farmland in the St-Lawrence valley
Railways being developed in the northeast of the United States - geographic mobility
Proximity to the American border
Wages in industrial centers of the US were higher
Modernization of agricultural tools reduced the need for manual labour. -
Immigration policies from 1867 to 1885
There were nearly 3.4million people in the Dominion at the time of confederation
Document 107
1871-First Canadian census
Quebec has 1191516 inhabitants.
More than one million were French Canadians which represented about 30% of the population in the Dominion
Document 109
Prime Minister John A. Macdonald implemented his National Policy
Among other ideas, he wanted to settle the west of the Dominion through immigration
Workers needed to build the railroad as well. -
The Baby Boom
After the second World War, the return of the troops and economic prosperity(lots of money flowing)lead to the growth of the population as marriages and births increased
At a fertility rate of 3.84 children per woman this was the rate before the Great Depression in the 1920s and became known as the Baby Boom.
By 1960(94%) women were giving birth in hospitals now compared to only 16% in 1940 - this lead to a decrease in the mortality rate. -
The Baby Boom
This boom lead to many changes in society as the average age of the population decreased
The State had to invest in Hospitals, schools and other public institutions to meet the needs of the growing population.
By the 1960s, with the modernization of Quebec through the Quiet revolution, the baby boom ended as many women no longer wanted to have as many children and wanted to have their own jobs.
Also contraception was now widely used so many families only has one or two children. -
Immigration after 1950
1952 - Immigration Act
Specified the criteria used to allow immigrants entry.
British subjects, French citizens, U.S. residents and Asians that already had family in Canada were prioritized
The act also excluded some people. For example, Asians without Family in Canada, Indians, Pakistanis and Sri Lankans.
These criteria were enforced depending on needs.
1962 - Government eliminated any criteria that was racially discriminatory -
Immigrating Act of 1976
Main objectives : - Encourage population growth
Enrich cultural heritage
Facilitate family reunions
Facilitate the adaptation of new residents into society
Selection with non-discriminatory criteria
Maintain humanitarian attitude towards refugees
This Same year the Quebec Government enacted The Charter of the French Language or Bill 101
This Bill Protected the French language in Quebec and made it so immigrant children had to go to French School -
The Native Population
Indian Act 1876
Aboriginal claims related to the exploitation of natural resources by the government
Oka crisis: 1990
