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Period: to
Key events: 1918-36
Key events: 1918-36 -
Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points
Wilson's 14 pointsWilson's ideal was not to create a winner's peace treaty but rather create an enviornment of generosity in which permenant peace might be assured. -
Wilson's fourteen points
- An end to all secret diplomacy
- Freedom of the seas in peace and war
- Removal of trade barriers and war 4.General reduction of armaments 5.The adjustment of colonial claims in the interest of the inhibitants as well as of the colonial power 6.The evacuation of russion territoey and the independent determination by russia of its own national policies 7.The restoration of belgium 8.The evacuation of all french territory and return of alsace-lorraine
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wilson's fourteern points
- The readjustment of italian boundaries among clearly recognizable lines of nationality
- Independence for various national groups in Austria-Hungary 11.The restoration of the Balkan nations and free access to the sea for Serbia 12.Protection for minorities in Turkey and the free passage of all ships through the dardanelles
- Independence for Poland, including access to the sea 14.A general association of nations to protect mutual guarantees of political independence
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The Paris Peace Conference
The Conference begins. The aims of the winners of World War 1 were to gain rewards. However, President Wilson's 14 points complicated the situation.
Britain, France and the US were making all the decisions. -
US's Aims at the Paris Peace Conference
President Wilson's 14 points broadly expressed US's aims for the conference. President Wilson wanted to estabilish democracy and self-determination world-wide. Self-determination is the principle that countries should be established according to the wishes of the people concerned.
President Wilson also wanted the League of Nation, which would be a forum for the reasonable settlement of disputtes.
Specific aims: punishment of Germany & probation for Germany before being allowed to enter LoN. -
United Kingdom's Aims
2 sets:
Set 1:
- Eliminationof German fleet as a threat to Great Britain
- End of German Empire
- Defeat of German plans to establish control in Europe
- Return to nomal European relations and trade
- No partnership witth France to take control of Europe
Set 2:
- Germany admitting war guilt and paying extensive reparations
- Reparations: Payments made by a defeated country to the victorious countries as compensation for war damages and punishment for aggression. -
France's Aims
Weaken Germany through clauses in the treaties:
- extensive disarmament
- territorial reduction
- heavy reparations to weaken the German economy
- Partial dismemberment of Germany Firm alliance with UK and USA for protection from Germany
-Wanted concrete measures of security and not vague guarantees offered by League of Nations. -
Italy's Aims
Territorial gains- Dalmation coast, Trieste and South Tyrol
These gains were promised in exchange for entering WW1. Walked out of conference when Dalmatian coast territories were denied. -
Japan's Aims
-Recognition for dominat position is China
-Possession of former German territories in China and the Pacific
-Acquire a larger empire
-Be named among the major powers -
Issues to Address at Conference
1) Treatment of Germany: Colonies, bordersm disarmament, reparations and war guilt, and prosecution of individuals for war crime.
2) Austro-Hungarian Empire: Boundaries
3) Ottoman Empire: Territory, conflicts and what to do with Middle East
4) Russia: Bolshevism
5) Non-European States: Made represenation for end of colonialism and/or recognition of racial equality -
German Aims
-Wanted armistice
-Not be humilated and severely punished Germany even abdicated Kaiser Wilhelm 2 and established a democratic republic to gain sympathy. -
The five treaties from the Paris Peace Conference
1) Treaty of Versailles: Bwteen Germany and the Allied and Associated Powers .Contained 440 clauses including the Convenant of the League of Nations. Agreement containing the principle of which the League was to operate that all nations signed. ToV was divided into sections like economic, military and territorial.
-Included War Guilt Clause: where Germany agreed to accept full responsibility of WW1.
2) Other treaties: Germain, Trianon, Neuilly and Sevres/Lausanne. ToV was most important. -
Germany Signs Treaty of Versailles
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Treaty of St.Germain Signed with Austria
-Czechoslovakia set up
- Slovenia, Bosnia, and Dalmatia to Yugoslavia
- Istria, Treiste, and S. Tyrol to Italy
- Galici to Poland
- Austria not to integrate with Germany -
Treaty of Neuilly signed with Bulgaria
Bulgaria had to pay reparations and armed forces limited to 20,000 men.
-Northern Macedonia went to Yugoslavia
-Western Thrace went to Greece
-Dobrudja went to Romania. -
What is the league of nations
The league was created to prevent the outbreak of war inspired by the first worls war. The plan was incorporated with Wilson's fourteen poimts. Wilson was determined to preserve the leahue, he compromised his views in his points. -
US Senate doesn't ratify Treaty of Versailles
US does not sign the Treaty, therefore, the US's role of supervision and enforcement evaporates. This has huge implications for the enforcement of the treaty and the success of the LoN -
Treaty of Trianon signed with Hungary
Hungary was obliged to accept reparations and an upper limit on it's armed forces of 35,000 men.
-Slovakia and Romania went to Czechoslovakia
-Croatia and Slovenia went to Yugoslavia
-Transylvania went to Romania
-Burgenland went to Austria -
Treaty of Sevres signed with Turkish Empire
-Straits of the Dardanelles under the control of an International Commission and to be open to all countries' shipping
-Turkey lost all rights to the Sudan and Libya; had to recognise French Morocco and Tunis, Bitish Egypt and Cyprus
-Saudi Arabia and Armenia became independent.
-Syria, Iraq and Palestine became League mandates, administered by Britain and France
-Greece received some Turkish Aegean islands and Eastern Thrace, administered area around Smyrna
-Kurdistan became autonomous -
The Little Entente
An alliance of Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia and Romania in 1921 to safegauard their new independence from other central European states such as Bulgaria and Poland. France tried to develop this into a counter-balance to German power. -
The Washington Naval Conference
1) Four-Power Treaty (USA, Britain, France, Japan)
-end Anglo-Japanese alliance
-recognise each other's possessions in the Pacific and attempt to reach a diplomatic solutions. Five Power Treaty (USA, Britain, Japan, France, Italy)
-total tonnage ratio in capital warships fixed 5:5:3:1.75:1.75
-10 year "building holiday" on capital ships
-USA and Britain agreed not to construct new fortresses or naval bases in the western Pacific. -
Washington Naval Conference (continued)
Nine-Power Treaty (USA, Britain, France, Japan, Italy, Belgium, China, Netherlands, Portugal)
-respect China's sovereignty
-"Open Door" allowed all countries equal trading rights in China
-Discuss problems of common interest. -
Treaty of Rapallo
A treaty signed between Germany and the USSR. This was atreaty of matual assistance that allowed Germans to develop weapons in violation of the Versailles Treaty -
Treaty of Rapallo
Germany and Russia signed the treaty which extended their diplomatic relations which each other. They signed this treaty so that they can work together after the treaty of versailles rulled that they couldn't have any social, political or economic relations. France and the allies were nervous about this treaty because they though this would be the start of Russia and Germany starting another war -
German Empowerment
Germans were furious about the Treaty of Versailles. The treaty was designed to blame Germany, reduce all of Germany's territories, confiscate Germany's colonies, limit Germany;s military and collect reparations from Germany. Germans with the help of the USSR now wanted to redevelop and come back for revenge. -
Economic Impacts of Treaty of Versailles
Ruhr Crisis: The centre of German heavy industry. It was occupied by France and Belgium in 1923 to force Germany to pay reparations. Aftermath of Ruhr Crisis: Dawes Plan: This was created by the US to restore economic and political stability to Germany. US would lend money to Germany to rebuild industry and pay the reparations to Britain and France. -
US and Britain Isolationsim
-US wanted to focus on its own continent but promote democracy. US was the biggest power at the time and didn't need to get involved. -Braitin wanted to stay protected from France and did not want to get involved in another war. -
League of Nations failed
The league of nations failed because they couldn't stick with their promises. They made all these rules ut could not follow them. They had no true backbone and could not defend ther treaty of versailles. The U.S did not join the league because they did not want to entagnle themself with Europe which was divided into four at the time. -
London Naval Conference
-Ship Ratio:
USA: 5:5:3
UK and Japan: 10:10:7
-Agreements on possessions of naval equipment Stayed in effect until 1936 -
Geneva Conference
Conference to encourage disarmament and sign disarmament treaties.
Ended in failure because of fear of nations. Germany had no interest in disarmament and withdrew from conference. Which caused fear for countries like France and no agreement was settled. Conference broke up.