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Period: 250 to 900
Maya
Location: In present-day southern Mexico, Guatemala, northern Belize and western Honduras. Achievement: The Ancient Mayans developed the science of astronomy, calendar systems, and hieroglyphic writing. They were also known for creating elaborate ceremonial architecture, like pyramids, temples, palaces, and observatories, all without metal tools. -
Period: 300 to 1100
Ghana
Location: Western Africa in what is today the countries of Mauritania, Senegal, and Mali. Achievement: They controlled three major gold fields. -
Period: 319 to 467
Gupta Empire
Location: Magadha (now Bihar) state in northeastern India. Achievement:Gupta had developed advancements in Science, Engineering, art, dialectics, laterature, logic, mathematics, astronomy, religion, and philosophy. -
Period: 330 to 1453
Byzantine Empire
Location:At its greatest extent, the Byzantine Empire covered much of the land surrounding the Mediterranean Sea, including what is now Italy, Greece, and Turkey along with portions of North Africa and the Middle East Achievement: preservation of Greek and Roman civilization during the Middle Ages. -
Period: 618 to
Imperial China
Location: Ancient China developed in east Asia along the Yangtze River and Yellow River. Achievement: They became the most advanced civilization in the world because of the farming tools they made -
Period: 632 to 1258
Muslim Empire (Rashidun-Abbasid Caliphate)
Location:the caliphate had subjugated the Levant to the Transcaucasus in the north; North Africa from Egypt to present-day Tunisia in the west; and the Iranian Plateau to parts of Central Asia and South Asia in the east. Achievement: The Islamic Empire greatly contributed to the advancement of many fields such as literature and philosophy, science and medicine, mathematics, and art. -
Period: 794 to 1185
Japan (Heian and Edo periods)
Location: Heian, now called Kyoto (which means "capital city"), would remain Japan's capital for more than a thousand years
Achievement: The Heian period saw an emergence of new sects and schools of Japanese Buddhism. -
Period: 800 to
Holy Roman Empire
Location: The Holy Roman Empire was located in western and central Europe and included parts of what is now France, Germany, and Italy.
Achievement: The most obvious achievement of the Romans was their vast empire, which spread over three continents. -
Period: 1200 to 1533
inca
Location: At its height, the Inca Empire included modern-day Peru, what are today western and south central Bolivia, southwest Ecuador and Colombia and a large portion of modern-day Chile, at the north of the Maule River. Achievement: Some of their most impressive inventions were roads and bridges, including suspension bridges, which use thick cables to hold up the walkway. -
Period: 1235 to
Mali
Location:The Empire of Mali was located in Western Africa.
Achievement:Establishing a prosperous and centralized state under Emperor Sundiata Keita, Building numerous impressive mosques and universities, Encouraging social mobility and education for all citizens, and Advancing Islamic scholarship and culture throughout West Africa -
Period: 1325 to 1519
Aztec
Location: In just a century, the Aztec built an empire in the area now called central Mexico
Achievement:They built aqueducts and dikes. To create more land to grow crops, they built floating gardens, the chinampas. They built causeways to connect their capital city, built on an island, to the mainland. They created a number system and a calendar. -
Period: 1464 to
songhai
Location: Centred on the middle reaches of the Niger River in what is now central Mali and eventually extending west to the Atlantic coast and east into Niger and Nigeria.
Achievement: Under the rule of Sonni Ali, the Songhai surpassed the Malian Empire in area, wealth, and power, absorbing vast areas of the Mali Empire and reaching its greatest extent.