-
CFCS were invented
“Wonder gas” CFCs were invented in 1928
for commercial applications. -
UNEP sets up co-ordinating committee
“In 1977, the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
sets up a co-ordinating committee to study the ozone layer.” -
using CFCS In aerosols.
“In 1978, the United States of America, Canada,
Sweden and Norway ban the use of CFCs in aerosols.” -
Starting intergovernmental negotiations
“In 1981, UNEP starts intergovernmental negotiations
to protect the ozone layer.” -
CFCS increasing
“After 1982, in the absence of other moves,
the consumption of CFCs increases again. Industry demands
proof of ozone depletion due to CFCs.” -
Government studying exchange info and protecting the ozone layer
“Governments agree to study, exchange information and
protect the ozone layer - through the Vienna Convention for the
Protection of the Ozone Layer (1985). Scientists continue to find
proof of ozone depletion.” -
The British Antarctic Team
“The British Antarctic Team discovers severe thinning in the ozone
layer over Antarctica - the ozone hole.” -
Government agrees to...
“In 1987, 46 governments agree to a fifty per cent cut in the
production and consumption of CFCs by the year 2000; a freeze
in production and consumption of halons by 1992; further
controls linked to assessments by experts.” -
Reports one on zone
“In 1988, the UNEP - WMO report on ozone
trends links CFCs to ozone depletion.” -
Reports by the UNEP
“In 1989, the UNEP Assessment Panel of experts reports
THE NEED for tougher controls.” -
Phasing out CFCS
“Parties agree to completely phase out CFCs by the year 2000,
and to establish a Multilateral Fund to assist developing coun-
tries. US$ 240 million was allocated for 1991 - 1993.” -
Recommendations by UNEP
“UNEP Assessment Panels recommend that more substances
(HCFCs, methyl bromide) are controlled and that the phase out
of CFCs is advanced.” -
Phasing out HCFCs
“In 1992, it was decided that the developed countries phase out
HCFCs by 2030, freeze methyl bromide by 1995 and that the
phase out of CFCs be brought forward to 1996.” -
replenishment of the Multilateral Fund
“In 1993, the Meeting of the Parties, held in Bangkok, agrees to a
replenishment of the Multilateral Fund - US$455 million for 1994 - 1996.” -
halons phased out by,,,
“Halons are phased out by industrialized countries. UNEP Assess-
ment Panels recommend tougher controls on methyl bromide.” -
phasing out CFCs due to internal problems
“Some countries, the Russian Federation and others, report an
inability to phase out CFCs by 1996 due to their internal problems.
The Global Environment Facility (GEF) offers to help them.
Developing countries agree to phase out methyl bromide by 2010.” -
THe Meeting of the Parties
“The Meeting of the Parties held in Costa Rica, approves the
replenishment of the Multilateral Fund and gives US$466 million
for 1997 - 1999.” -
Industrialized countries
Industrialized countries -
phasing out methyl bromide
“Industrialized countries agree to phase out methyl bromide by
2005. Developing countries will phase out the same by 2015.” -
licensing
“Licensing for the import and export of CFCs was introduced.” -
The Ozone Meetings in Beijing
The Ozone meetings in Beijing in December 1999 approved a
replenishment of the Multilateral Fund of US$ 440 million for the years
2000-2002 for continuing the phase-out of CFCs, in addition to the
carry-over of US$ 35.7 million from the previous period. -
he 11th Meeting of the Parties in Beijing
The 11th Meeting of the Parties in Beijing banned
bromochloromethane, (a new ozone-depleting chemical)
and put controls on production of HCFCs and trade in HCFCs
with non-Parties. -
The Beijing Declaration
The Beijing Declaration (December 1999) reiterated the
commitment of all Governments to continue full implementation
of the Montreal Protocol and ensure the protection
of the ozone layer.
