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1500
First Occupants
Iroquois: Society was a Matriarchy. Leadership and decision making was the responsibility of women.
Algonkians: Society was a Patriarchy. Father played vital leadership role. -
The coureurs des bois
French Settlers who travel deep into the forest. They live with the natives and trade with the Amerindians. They are the ones that give the fur to the voyageurs who then brought the furs to the trading posts. -
Royal Government
Instead of the old government situation where the company of 100 associates had all the power, a new government was implemented by the kind and Jan-Baptiste Colbert, The Royal Government. In the Royal Government, the Governor, the Intendant and the bishop make all the decisions then have to report back to the minister of the marine who then reports back to the king who is in France. However, since he lives so far, that process takes a while therefore the king exerts less power and control. -
Peace treaty (Great Peace of Montreal).
Signed on August 4, 1701 by Louis-Hector de Callière, governor of New France, and 1300 representatives of 40 aboriginal nations,The Great Peace of Montreal was a peace treaty between New France and 40 native nations. This peace treaty provided 16 years of peaceful trade until war started up again. -
James Murray
He found the Royal Proclamation unrealistic since only 1% of the population of Quebec was Eng/Protestant. To make the rest of the French Roman Catholics content, he bent the rules.
-He allowed a new Bishop (Monseigneur Briand)
-He allowed French laws in the lower courts
-He did not call an elected assembly because it would favor the English Merchants. The english merchants however strongly opposed of James Murray's ideas so he was quickly replaced. -
Articles of Capitulation
-The French Militia could return home to France, no one would lose their property.
-The French Regular military would lay down their arms and leave.
-The people could practice the Roman Catholic religion, but the Bishop would have to leave.
-The French people who stayed would become British Subjects.
-Only the French Elite left because they could afford to do so.
-New France was under the British Military rule until war was over in Europe and they saw who was officially the winner. -
Articles of Capitulation
Articles of Capitulation was a document signed where it showed that the french had surrendered.
It stated:
-The French Militia could return home, no one would lose their property
-The French Regular military would lay down their arms and leave.
-The people could practice the Roman Catholic religion, but the Bishop would have to leave.
-The people who stayed would become British Subjects. -
Treaty of Paris
Treaty signed to end the 7 year war. It stated that all the territory known as New France was given to the King of England except two small Islands, (St.Pierre, Miquelon) -
Royal Proclamation
A constitution put in place to assimilate the French in Quebec.
What did it do?
-It gives the King’s new colony a name, The Province of Quebec
-It decreases the borders to just around the St-Lawrence river valley.
-Put in place a civilian Government to run the new Colony
- English Criminal and Civil laws were applied.
- Unused land would be divided by the Township System
-No new Bishop would be allowed
-No Roman Catholics could hold public office (Test Act) -
Quebec Act
The Quebec act stated:
-Guarantees French Canadian loyalty
-Enlarges the area of Quebec
-Denied an elected assembly
-Appointed council (min.17 members)
-French civil laws were instated, tithe and seigniorial system are back
-Test Act Oath, Test Oath of Allegiance (swear to king you’re loyal, and could hold office) -
Guy Carleton
The man who replaced Murray. Carleton at first kept the same tolerant polices of Murray. However he soon realized that the french weren't happy because they were being taken over by the english and the english weren't happy because they were still catering to the french. Carleton had a special reason to be tolerant towards the French in Quebec. He wanted to have their loyalty as the Americans were beginning to demand their Independence.This lead to the creation of the Quebec Act. -
Constitutional Act
-The Province of Quebec was split in two pieces called Upper Canada and Lower Canada to try and please the French and the English.
-Lower canada almost entirely french: French kept their religion, civil laws, and people could work in the admin.
-Upper canada almost entirely english: the Protestants, would use the township system, English civil laws
-The Ottawa River would be the boundary between them -
The rebellions of 1837-38
Leader of the patriotes, Louis Joseph Papineau wrote 92 resolutions in 1834 asking for:
Demand for a RESPONSIBLE GOVERNMENT:
-All members at all levels are elected.
-No more power of veto.
Lord John Russell responded with the 10 resolutions. He did not respond to any of the patriotes demands.
This started the rebellion of the patriotes. -
Act of Union
After Lord Durham's recommendations.
Act of Union is created:
-Creates province of canada by uniting lower and upper into east and west.
-Canada east and west each had 42 members to its assembly.
-Governor still had control and veto power.
-Canada east and west would equally pay for Canada’s debts. -
The charlottetown conference
-Conference to discuss the merger.
-Canada east and west met with the 3 maritime provinces.
-Agreed to consider a merger. -
The Quebec Conference
-The same members met and agreed on 72 resolutions to make merger possible. (Federal system)
-It consisted of 24 seats for each province (canada east\west, NB, NS) -- total 72 seats.
-PEI and Nfld withdrew.
-It was represented by the population. -
The London Conference
-1867: they met in London.
-It was created under the British North American act (march 29, 1867)
-The other provinces would join between 1870 and 1949.
-British empire agreed to let the merge become a self governing, independent colony = DOMINION OF CANADA (ONT, QC, NB, NS) -
Liberal Beliefs
-To make the QC gov., the major force behind social and economic development, they increased the role of the federal gov. (ex) Hydro Quebec , transcanada, mtl metro)
-Modernize QC education system and catch up to the other provinces. (free public school till 16)
-Weaken influence of the church and QC’s isolation.
-Less rural, more urbanisation\ intellectuals\ professionals. -
Non violent attempts for french independence
Not all attempts towards french independence were violent. -The Official language act, Bill 22 (French Official language)- Bill 101- french language is priority : only french signs allowed in public places : only children with english parents can go to english school
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Maurice Duplessis
-Conservative (didn’t want change)
-He believed provincial government should deal with social or economic problems on their own.
-He believed that the state (federal) should offer money to the church and to be able to invest in things.
-He believed that rural life was still important to encourage family, agriculture and religion.
-He wanted to avoid urbanization and associated problems such as unemployment.
-Adopted fleur de lis flag in 1948. -
Who challenged Maurice Duplessis beliefs?
1.Union Leaders
-Duplessis accused of opposing social progress
0Duplessis accused of serving american interests instead of QC workers.
-Numerous strikes in QC (ie: Asbestos strike 1949) 2.Intellectuals and Journalists
-Intellectuals such as Pierre Elliott Trudeau and René Lévesque opposed the Duplessis government and attacked the conservative nature of Quebec society in newspapers, magazine articles and television programs. -
Power relations between feminist movements and the state
-Women fighting for their rights against the state.
-Against women suffrage
-Allowing women to be part of the legislative Assembly.
-Allowing married women to have equal rights.
-Maternity leave.
-Legalizing abortion.
-Equality of men and women. -
3 Accords
1.Constitutional act and the Charter of Rights and Freedom.
- Everyone agreed to sign in besides QC.- Meech lake accord (Amendments to the constitution) -denied by Newfoundland and Manitoba.
-denied by the people. -
2 Referendums
Referendums: The votings to get Quebec to be seperated and independant.- Rene Levesque, leader of PQ felt strongly about separation and held a referendum (voting) in 1980.
-60% voted against issue of separation. (40% wanted a separation) - Another referendum for QC (Jacques Parizeau)
-separation was close. 50.6% against 49.4%.
- Rene Levesque, leader of PQ felt strongly about separation and held a referendum (voting) in 1980.
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The Quiet Revolution
Driven by cultural & political assertion of QCers & the desire for a govt with a more interventionist role. Lesage was a lawyer & a federal politician for 4 terms in Federal Parliament with the Liberals & later ran for head of the QC Liberal Party when the Conservatives ousted Mackenzie King’s federal Liberals in 1958. 1960: Lesage gets elected for 6 years; Campaigned with “c’est le temps due ca change”. 1962: Election slogan used was “Maitres chez nous” (when Lesage calls in another election).
