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Nov 25, 1500
First Occupants
Iroquois - Society was a Matriarchy; leadership and decision making was the responsibility of women. Algonkians - Society was a Patriarchy; Father played vital leaderhsip role. -
French Regime
French – Hurons – Basically Iroquois. Primary group to trade with the French. Fought against the Iroquois over control of the fur trade territory – LOST. French fought against Iroquois take over until about English – Iroquois. Allies with the British and fought against the French (and Hurons) for control over the fur trade. Almost wiped out the Hurons The coureurs des bois -French settlers who travel deep into the forest, lived with the natives much of the year, and traded with the Amerindians -
Power relations between the colony and the mother country
Absolute monarchy: The king names administrators of the colony and can still reverse any decisions they make. -
Power relations between the Church and the State
The Clergy was everywhere: Parishes Missionaries, Nuns working in hospitals. Divine Right of kings.Minister of Marine. Royal Government was implemented. Governor-highest rank, commander of army, defence, dealt with external affairs.Intendant-most influential, chief administrator, controlled budget, collecting taxes, justice. Bishop - administered over Parish Priests, hospitals, schools. Not on the Council but still had power was the Captain of Militia -
Peace treaty (Great Peace of Montreal)
The Great Peace of Montreal was a peace treaty between New France and 40 First Nations of North America It was signed by The Great Peace of Montreal was a peace treaty between New France and 40 First Nations of North America -
Life in New France
Distance from France becayse the king exercised less control -
British Rule
Articles of Capitulation- The French Militia could return home, no one would lose their property. 2. The French Regular military would lay down their arms and leave.3. The people could practice the R.C. religion, but the Bishop would have to leave. 4.The people who stayed would become British Subjects.
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Treaty of Paris
7 yesar war ends. All the Territory known as New France is given to the King of England except for St.Pierre and Miquelon -
Royal Proclamation
1, It gives the King’s new colony a name, 2. It decreases the borders to just around the St-Lawrence river valley. 3. Put in place a civilian Government to run the new Colony: The King appointed a Governor who then appointed members of an Executive Council to advise him. 4. English Criminal and Civil laws were applied.5. No new Bishop would be allowed 6. No Roman Catholics could hold public office. Goal to control and assimilate. Most of the British who came would be rich merchants -
Difficulties of the first Governors
James Murray found the Royal Proclamation unworkable, only 1% of the population of Quebec was Eng/Protestant. To make the rest of the French Roman Catholics content, he bent the rules. He allowed a new Bishop. He allowed French laws in the lower courts, he did not call an elected assembly because it would favour the english merchants. English merchants were strongly against. -
Quebec Act
Guarantees French Canadian loyalty, Enlarges the area of Quebec, Denied an elected assembly. Appointed council. French civil laws were instated, tithe and seigniorial system are back.Test Oath of Allegiance. Until 1763, Americans needed British protection from the French. They wanted Western Expansion into the Ohio Valley. Britain was unhappy with the 13 colonies. Some Americans had also been trading with the French, therefor. Britain wanted to place strict control on trade and taxes.Loyalists -
Effects of the Loyalists
Canada was the most settled in the Maritimes Quebec was the most settled West of Montreal The English population of Quebec had a sudden increase Lived by the Township system The Loyalists were used to English civil laws. They were used to having elected assemblies. They started writing petitions to London for change. -
Government
New constitution brought a change in Government. Rep gov King, British Parliament.In the Canadas, Governor-appointed by parliament, had veto power. Each Canada had a Lieutenant Governor-Acted as deputy governor, Executive Council-appointed by Governor, Legislative Council-appointed (upper class), Legislative Assembly Ordinary people-had a say of government for the first time.Was 1st time people able to vote/represented in Canada, representative government big step forward -
The Constitutional Act
Quebec was split in two pieces called Upper and Lower Canada. Lower Canada-was almost entirely French Upper Canada-was entirely English In Lower Canada the French kept their religion, civil laws, and people could work in the admin. In Upper Canada the Protestants, would use the township system, English Civil laws. -
Faults in Representative Government
Legislative Assembly had the power to make laws, but whenever they tried to do so they were shut down because the Governor and his Council had veto power. The wealthy governors & council members thought about investing money in big business+tax property Legislative assembly wanted to tax goods, not property Lower Canada where the legislative assembly was French and there were constant issues over language. -
Power relations between the media and the state
control of newspapers by political parties . In the early 20th century, dissemination of political views by newspapers the 20th century, dissemination of mass information through radio and television: influences on public opinion, politicians used media for their image and to promote their parties. The media is for many the 4th power. -
The rebellions
Most settled in Upper Canada because they spoke English but some settled in Lower Canada because they were Catholic -
Lord Durham’s Recommendations
Britain should increase immigration in order to assimilate the French. The two Canada’s should be united (eng. now have majority)
Responsible Government should be granted to eliminate veto power. -
The Quebec Conference
Same members of last time. They agreed on 72 resolutions that would make the merger possible… A federal system 24 seats to each colony (total 72 seats) Assembly elected by “rep by pop” Build a railway between colonies -
The Charlottetown Conference
Leaders of Canada East/West meet with the leaders of three Maritime Provinces
They left the meetings agreeing to consider a merger -
Unhappiness in Quebec
13 colonies were unhappy because they had fought to gain control of the Ohio Valley however it was denied to them Uneasy about lack of guarantees to their religion James Murray, Guy Carleton adopts the same attitude Could also gain their loyalty Lead to the creation of the Quebec Act -
The London Conference
THE DOMINION OF CANADA British North America Act -
The Roman Catholic Church
t continued to control education, hospitals, orphanages, and welfare services. It was also influential in government, unions and the caisses populaires. The Church continued to promote large families, rural life, and Christian values. -
Role of the State (government)
The government led by Maurice Duplessis continued to believe that the state should not intervene in either the social or economic sectors. Consequently, its role was basically a supporting one which consisted of offering subsidies to the Church and favourable conditions for investment purposes. -
Idealization of rural life
It was believed that the rural communities were the best places to promote traditional values such as family life, gratifying work and religious beliefs. Agriculture was and should continue to be at the heart of Quebec's economy in order to avoid urbanization and associated problems such as unemployment -
Power relations between linguistic groups and the state: & Power relations between nationalist movements and the state
Dominance of English in business and politics and protection of the English minority in Quebec in the constitution.Quebecers are upset that they aren’t getting paid equal amounts as the Anglophones, and don’t have the same job opportunities as English. It’s clear that people living in Quebec would feel proud of all these recent achievements, nationalists sentiments developed and a movement towards Quebec independence gains momentum. -
Power relations between union movements and the state
First strikes and partial legalization of unions implantation of American unions
Royal Commission on the relations between capital and labour Union demands regarding health and safety and laws, for the protection of children, union struggle to ensure a minimum salary to workers, women, elders Anti-Labour Laws Adoption of the Labour Relations Act, Labour Code recognizes the right to strike to all workers Strike of united front. -
Power relations between feminist movements and the state
Foundation of the National Council of Women actions of the suffragettes. Electing the first woman to the Legislative Assembly of Quebec which ended the legal incapacity of married women. Foundation of the Federation des femmes du Quebec Law on pay equity is adopted. -
Power relations between movements for social justice and the state
Associated with communism, union movements and feminism. The depression brings about the creation of many charity groups and aid organizations. Pressure they exert on the government contributes to adoption of laws and different measures intended to protect the average citizen -
Power relations between movements for social justice and the state
Early 20th century, associated with communism, union movements and feminism. The depression brings about the creation of many charity groups and aid organizations. Pressure they exert on the government contributes to adoption of laws and different measures intended to protect the average citizen -
Intellectuals and Journalists
Intellectuals such as Pierre Elliott Trudeau and René Lévesque opposed the Duplessis government and attacked the conservative nature of Quebec society in newspapers, magazine articles and television programs. -
Union leaders
They accuse Duplessis of opposing social progress and of serving American interests rather than the interests of Quebec workers. Throughout this period there were numerous strikes in Quebec. During the Asbestos strike of 1949 even church officials such as Bishop Charbonneau supported the strikers. -
Power relations between financial circles and the state
Reciprocal influence. Involvement of businessmen in politics facilitates access to grants, laws and regulations in favour of companies and banks. The practice of funding of political parties by businessmen causes scandals and a denunciation of patronage. From 1960, the state takes control of certain sectors of the economy, subsidizes Quebec companies and recognizes the rights of employees. Concepts: POWER, interest, influence, state, society, rights. -
Power relations between environmentalist groups and the state
pressure from environmental groups (measures and laws to protect the environment) and their impact on the population via the media influences public policy. Creation of the Ministry of Environment Quebec -
Bill 101
French lang is the priority Only French signs were allowed in public spaces -
Meech Lake Accord
written with various reforms but it was denied by two provinces Nfld and Mani -
Charlottetown Agreement
Agreement sought to do the same (including recognize aboriginal and Quebec rights) it was voted against by the people
