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Period: Nov 21, 1500 to
Official Power and Countervailing
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Nov 25, 1500
Iroquois
Their society was a matriarchy. That means that the oldest women made the all the important decisions and the people living in her long house had to follow it. There was no elected central body -
Nov 25, 1500
Algonquians
Their society was patriarchy. That means that the oldest man made the most important decisions and demonstrated a leadership role for this people. There is no elected central body. -
Roles in the Sovereign Council
King + Minister:Put people in charge in the colony
Governor:Highest rank in the colony, commander of the army, defines,external affairs
Intendant:Most influential person,chief administer ,controlled budget collected taxes,seigneurial system, built roads,set up industries
Sovereign Council :Colony high court,included governor,bishop , intendant and several councillors
Bishop : Administered over the Parish priests,hospitals schools, charities
Captain of Militia:deal with issues on the seigneuries -
Power Relations between Church and State
The Church is implicated in political decisions because of its role on the Sovereign Council.The Clergy was everywhere : priests in charge of parishes, priests working as missionaries, nuns working in hospitals. The King assumes power based on the principle of Divine Right of kings. Can do whatever he wants, he is above god.
Jean-Baptiste Colbert Louis XIV decided to implement Royal Government in 1663. -
The Power of the State
The French monarchy took back control of it's American colonies. The young Louis XIV set to making his kingdom absolutist.
1663 - 1760 : Canada lived under Royal administration , the King ran the colony. -
Great Peace of Montreal
30 to 40 nations come together to have the King of France as their father. The Governor General was able to resolve their disputes and help France in wars. The Great Peace was signed in 1701 by Louis - Hector de Calliere. The French, allied to the Hurons and the Algonquians, provided 16 years of peaceful relations and trade before war started again. Present for the diplomatic event were the various peoples; part of the Iroquois confederacy, the Huron peoples, and the Algonquian peoples. -
French Regime
Power relations between French and Amerindians :
- French allied with Huron and Montagnais
- French wanted to take over fur trade
- Guerilla Warfare (ambush attacks) -
Life in New France (Part 1)
Not really any rules, dealt with stuff yourself
Settlers had happy lives but it was HARD work. There was work to be done everyday (no holidays or sick days); Caring for crops, making clothes, fixing tools, preparing for winter. Helpful neighbours (kids worked the land so people could live)
Because New France was not really developing settlers became self-dependent (took care of themselves).
Life differed from France, where you had the very rich and massive numbers of poor/starving people. -
Life in New France (Part 2)
In new France, the rich and the poor stuck together because there wasn't enough people, way more accepting of each other, if you didn’t talk to the peasants you didn’t talk to anyone.
In France, they stayed separated, there were enough people for that
In New France the people were very autonomous (independent, no one to rely on and no one relying on them) and by 1760 grew to become a distinct set of people called Canadien (came from France people) (13 colonies are becoming Americans). -
Articles of Capitulation Rules (Part 1)
-The French Militia could return home, no one would lose their property
-The French Regular military would lay down their arms and leave.
-The people could practice the Roman Catholic religion, but the Bishop would have to leave (bishop had too much control to let him stay, they didn’t remove the religion because it would get everyone super mad and cause major issues)
-The people who stayed would become British Subjects. -
Life in New France (Part 3)
It is therefore no surprise that these distinct people would remain here after the British Conquest. (peasants and poor stayed in new France because that is all they knew, other left like soldiers left because they could, kicked out the bishop because the religious leader had a lot of power so they wanted to prevent it) -
Social Classes
-Nobility/Elite (Governor) (wealthy, tied to royalty, very few, wealth passed down, considered themselves better because there were naturally wealthy)
-Nobility and bourgeoisie
-Middle Class/Bourgeoisie (Seigneurs= with bottom) (bourgeoisie=self made no money based down, started his own business and became wealthy)
-Middle class and habitants
-Peasants/Habitant (censitaires) farmers -
Why is the life in New France more independent?
Distance from France: the king exercised less control. because further contact with the aboriginals; development of an independent spirit and a sense of freedom. No police, often did what they wanted. Many worked with or lived with native… voyageurs and coureurs de bois (not bad life) .Choose your own way of way of life whatever you want -
Articles of Capitulation rules (Part 2)
No mass deportation occurred(only the Elite left because they could afford to do so, only people that had business opportunities in france) the fate of the colony was still undecided and so the colony waited under British Military Rule of James Murray, until the war in Europe would end.
Most people stayed because it was all they knew, they didn’t really have a choice -
Power relations between the colony and the mother country:
The influence of decisions made by the mother country on the power in the colony. Absolute monarchy : the king names administrators of the colony and can still reverse any decisions they make. -
What was going on in the States....
-Up until 1763 the Americans needed British protection from the French.
-They wanted Western Expansion into the Ohio Valley
-Britain was unhappy with the 13 colonies. (did not give enough in war)
-Some Americans had also been trading with the French, therefore….
-Britain wanted to place strict control on trade and inc. taxes. -
Representative Government (Part 1)
-King
-British Parliament
-Governor : Appointed by parliament ; commanded forces ;In charge of administration;Called assemblies into session;Held veto power which meant he could turn down laws/change whatever he wanted.
-Lieutenant Governor : Acted as deputy governor ;Governor passes on orders to lieutenant governor; Governor's right hand man
-Executive Council: Appointed by Governor,Advised Governor, Rich english
-Legislative Council: Appointed , Approve or reject laws form the assembly -
Representative Government (Part 2)
-Legislative Assembly : people elected every 4 years;Had the power to approve or disapprove taxes;They had the right to create laws.
-Ordinary people : Had a say of government for the first time, didn't include everyone , only land owning men over 21, This was the first time people were able to vote and be represented in Canada, representative government was a big step forward. -
Royal Proclamation (Part 2)
The Royal Proclamation had a goal to control and assimilate the French in Quebec. It did this by bringing them all together as to watch over them, and took many of their rights away so as to force them to become more English.No new French speaking people were coming in. Most of the British who came would be rich merchants who would fill the place of the French Elite would had left.
The first Governor of this new colony James Murray knew his job of assimilation would be no easy task. -
Treaty of Paris
1763 Treaty of Paris 7 years war ends. All the Territory known as New France is given to the King of England except two small Islands, (St.Pierre, Miquelon) .French passes to the hands of the British.
People that live on St.Pierre and Miquelon were the only 2 places with French passports. They are basically fishing islands. Today, they have unwritten rules where there 2 islands have their own finishing land and the other canadians fish other places. -
Royal Proclamation (Part 1)
- It gives the King’s new colony a name, The Province of Quebec -It decreases the borders to just around the St-Lawrence river valley. -Put in place a civilian Government to run the new Colony.The King appointed a Governor who then appointed members of an Executive Council to advise him. -English Criminal and Civil laws -Unused land would be divided by the Township System
- No new Bishop would be allowed (french religious leader out)
- No Roman Catholics could hold public office (Test Act)
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Quebec Act
-Get french loyalty
-Guarantees French Canadian loyalty
-Enlarges the area of Quebec
-Denied an elected assembly
-Appointed counsel (min.17 members)
-French civil laws were instated, tithe and seigniorial system are back
-Test Act Oath Test Oath of Allegiance
ALL THESE FACTORS MADE THE AMERICANS VERY UPSET! -
Difficulties of the First Governors
-James Murray found the Royal Proclamation unworkable, only 1% of the population of Quebec was English Protestant. To make the rest of the French Roman Catholics content, he bent the rules.
-He allowed a new Bishop (Monseigneur Briand)
-He allowed French laws in the lower courts
-He did not call an elected assembly because it would favor the English Merchants -
Effects of the Loyalists
-36,000 loyalists came to Canada (Most settled in the Maritimes)
- 6,000 loyalists came to Quebec (Most settled West of Montreal)
-The English population of Quebec had a sudden increase (1%-10%)
-They settled according to the Township system.
-They gave their settlements English names.
-The Loyalists were used to English civil laws.
-They were used to having elected assemblies.
-They started writing petitions to London for change.
-After years of complaining they finally got their wish -
Faults in the Representative Government
-Legislative Assembly had the power to make laws, but whenever they tried to do so they were shut down because the Governor and his Council had veto power.
-The wealthy governors & council members thought about investing money in big business+tax property
-The legislative assembly wanted to tax goods, not property
-This was made worse in Lower Canada where the legislative assembly was French and there were constant issues over language. -
The Constitutional Act
-The Province of Quebec was split in two pieces called Upper Canada (because it was up river) and Lower Canada (it was down river)Split into 2 to prevent another huge argument ,loyalists all over
-Lower Canada-was almost entirely French (160 000 ppl) 10% english. In Lower Canada the French kept their religion, civil laws, and people could work in the administration
-Upper Canada-was entirely English (20,000 ppl)
In Upper Canada the Protestants, would use the township system, English civil laws -
92 Resolutions
The leader of the Patriotes was Louis Joseph Papineau, and in 1834 he wrote 92 Resolutions. Their main demand was for Responsible Government (for the members of the councils to be selected from the elected assembly) and the government made up by the people would be responsible for its decisions. -
10 Resolutions
Lord John Russell responded with the 10 Resolutions.They couldn’t even vote taxes anymore.They sent back what they want to happen, not a solution to any problems in the 92 resolutions.This response was taken as an insult and rebellions broke out in both Upper and Lower Canada. Upper Canada Rebellion was lead by William Lyon Mackenzie and quickly put down.Lower Canada Rebellion was lead by Louis Joseph Papineau -
The Rebellions
-Most settled in Upper Canada because they spoke English but some settled in Lower Canada because they were Catholic.
-British immigrants
-Some english people who settled in Lower Canada were Irish from Ireland but they settled there because they were catholic like the French
-They greatly increased the population on the Canada’s….and made Upper Canada larger than Lower Canada.
-Irish immigrants going to lower canada. -
Growing Discontent in Lower Canada
-The Constitutional act had established representative government but those who could be elected held no real power, tensions grew
-By the 1830’s two distinct groups have formed
British Party (Chateau Cliques, Tories): Controlled the councils, spent money on public works ; Rich british merchants
Parti Canadian (Parti Patriote): Controlled the assembly, power over taxes ; Poor french landowners -
Lord Durham's Recommendations
Britain should increase immigration in order to assimilate the French.
The two Canada’s should be united (eng. now have majority)
Responsible Government should be granted to eliminate veto power.
Advantageous because the French would be minority and English would be majority so they’d get their way
These ideas were first rejected by the British Parliament until the act of union -
Act of Union
1.Creates the Province of Canada consisting of Canada East and West
2.Canada east and west each had 42 members to its assembly
84 seats in parliament
3.Governor still had control and veto power
4.Canada east and west would equally pay for Canada’s debts (Canada West owed 10x more). -
Charlottetown Conference
-Sept. 1864-Leaders of Canada East/West meet with the leaders of three Maritime Provinces (NB,NS,PEI), they left the meetings agreeing to consider a merger.
-If they were willing to make a country of canada (one common federal goverment)
-All that was done was a discussion if they want to merge and form a country
-The answer was yes (voted yes) -
Quebec Conference
-Oct. 1864-Same members of last time (+ Nfld.) They agreed on 72 resolutions that would make the merger possible
-A federal system (one system of government that will oversee all the provinces and looks after everybody)
-24 seats to each colony (total 72 seats)
-Build a railway between colonies
-Newfoundland and PEI withdrew because railway has no use to them
Dorion’s Parti Rouge opposed the federation -
British Rule
Although the French had won a small battle at Sainte-Foy in the spring major conflict ended in N.F. with the fall of Quebec, the French troops waited out the winter in Montreal, and then in September a document was signed giving the terms under which the French would surrender. The document was called the Articles of Capitulations (1760) -
Influence of Church
-After 1837 the bishops became more and more powerful, the cures became the most important person in the parish.
-Church was still in charge of registering births, marriages, deaths.
-Controlling education
-Orphanages, Shelters, Charities, Religious festivals
-R.C. Church attendance was very high
-Protestants were divided
-Ministers still influential but not as powerful as R.C.
-Protestant Universities: McGill(1821), Bishops(1843) -
London Conference
-Leaders of the 4 colonies meet to make arrangement to release from the British Empire to become a new “self-governing” colony. -THE DOMINION OF CANADA!
-With its capital of Ottawa was created under the British North America Act.
-Passed on March 29, came into existence in Canada on July 1st 1867.Containing 4 Prov. (ON, QC, NB, NS)
The other Prov’s would join between 1870 and 1949. -
Intellectuals and Journalists
Intellectuals such as Pierre Elliott Trudeau and René Lévesque opposed the Duplessis government and attacked the conservative nature of Quebec society in newspapers, magazine articles and television programs.
Maurice Duplessis, founded the Union National party and was premier of Quebec from 1936 to 1939 and from 1944 to 1959. During these periods, Duplessis defended provincial Autonomy and had numerous battles with Ottawa over federal initiatives in provincial jurisdictions. -
Power relations between linguistic groups and the state: & Power relations between nationalist movements and the state:
WW1:
French were mad they were forced into the army- they didn’t believe it was even their way
Soldiers saw the battlefield
WW2 :
Canada entered on their own. Running out of soldiers led to forced conscription and it caused another issue.
Soldiers never saw the battlefield -
Union Leaders
They accuse Duplessis of opposing social progress and of serving American interests rather than the interests of Quebec workers. Throughout this period there were numerous strikes in Quebec. During the Asbestos strike of 1949 even church officials such as Bishop Charbonneau supported the strikers. -
Power relations between the media and the state:
In the 19th century, control of newspapers by political parties (propaganda).
In the early 20th century, dissemination of political views by newspapers (eg, Le Devoir); the 20th century, dissemination of mass information through radio and television: influences on public opinion, politicians used media for their image and to promote their parties.
The media is for many the 4th power. -
Power relations between union movements and the state:
-First strikes and partial legalization of unions (1872), implantation of American unions (1880). Royal Commission on the relations between capital and labour (from 1886 to 1889)
-Union demands regarding health and safety and laws (C.S.S.T.) for the protection of children (laws on public education, on the minimum working age of children), union struggle to ensure a minimum salary to workers, women, elders (unemployment law, welfare, minimum wage in 1945, old-age pensions and pay equity.). -
Power relations between union movements and the state (Part 2)
-Anti-Labour Laws: Padlock Law (1937), right to strike, use of police against the strikers.
-1944: Adoption of the Labour Relations Act, 1964 Labour Code recognizes the right to strike to all workers..
-1972: Strike of united front. -
Quiet Revolution
-Also known as La Révolution Tranquille, began in Quebec in 1960 with the electoral defeat of the Union Nationale by Jean Lesage and his Liberal Party. It can be best described as a rapid and far-reaching process of social, economic, and political reform in Quebec from the early to the late 1960s.
-To make the Quebec gov’t the major force behind Quebec's social and economic development by greatly increasing the role of the state -
Power relations between financial circles and the state
-Quebec involvement of businessmen in politics facilitates access to grants, laws and regulations in favour of companies and banks
-The practice of funding of political parties by businessmen causes scandals and a denunciation of patronage.
-From 1960, the state takes control of certain sectors of the economy, subsidizes Quebec companies and recognizes the rights of employees -
Native Issues
In the summer of 1990 Mohawk warriors established road blocks on the borders to their reserves in Oka just outside Montreal, when a golf course wanted to expand its 9 holes onto native land. The natives militarily organized themselves and the Canadian Forces were called in to handle the situation.
The Oka crisis lasted 78 days, when the stand-off finally came to an end without armed conflict, however the issues remained. -
Power relations between feminist movements and the state:
-Foundation of the National Council of Women (1893); actions of the suffragettes
-1961: electing the first woman to the Legislative Assembly of Quebec (Marie-Claire Kirland-Casgrain).
-1964: 16, which ended the legal incapacity of married women.
-1965: Foundation of the Federation des femmes du Quebec (revised Civil Code, establishment of maternity leave, decriminalization of abortion, equality (in theory) of men and women);
-1996: law on pay equity is adopted.
