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1500
Native Power
The Iroquois society was a matriarchy so decision making and leadership was the responsibility of women.
Algonquin power
The Algonquin society was a patriarchy meaning decision making and leadership was the responsibility of men. -
Alliances Between Natives and Europeans
The French allied with the Hurons. They did lots of trade together and fought against the English and their alliances. The English were allied with the Iroquois. They also fought together against the French and the Hurons almost wiping out the Huron society. -
Les Coureurs des Bois
They were French traders who escaped to the woods and lived with the Indians. The coureurs des bois played a very important role in the development of the fur trade and in the exploration of new territories. -
The Dynamics of the Colony and France
Although certain intendants wanted more from New France the king had more power and overruled them. The king had the final decision always. The people living in New France had a different culture than France because of the natives. -
Power Relations Between the Church and the State
The Church is implicated in political decisions because of its role in Le Conseil souverain. The priests were in charge of parishes (cure), working as missionaries and nuns worked in hospitals. The King assumes power based on the principle of Divine Right of kings. -
Royal Government
The king placed New France under the minister of marine who then implemented the royal government. The council was made up of the Governor who was the highest rank, commander of the army, the defense and then the Intendant who was the most influential, he was the chief administrator. The Bishop did not have much power he administered over Parish Priests, hospitals, schools, and charities. The bishop was chosen by the pope. -
Absolute Monarchy
At the time it was still an absolute monarchy meaning the king still had way too much power. He chose who was in charge in New France and could kick him out or do differently than he wanted at any time. -
Peace Treaty
The goal was to end ethnic conflicts. The Iroquois promised to be neutral between the European backgrounds.The French, allied to the Hurons and the Algonquins, provided 16 years of peaceful relations and trade before war started again. This was signed by Louis-Hector de Callière, governor of New France, and 13 hundred representatives of 40 aboriginal nations. -
Articles of Capitulation
The French could return to France if they wanted but they were not forced. The French people could practice the Catholic. religion, but the Bishop would have to leave because he had too much power. The people who stayed would become British Subjects but would not be forced into the British culture. In the end, only the rich French left because the rest could not afford it and were used to America. -
Royal Proclamation
After the treaty of Paris was signed leaving the British with most of the territory known as New France. The royal proclamation changed the name from New France to The Province of Quebec. The King chose a Governor who chose members of an executive council. Both the English Criminal and Civil laws were applied to please the English population. The Catholic religion had boundaries. No new Bishop was allowed and no Roman Catholics could hold public office. -
Difficulties of the first governors
The royal proclamation was not working because only 1% of the population of Quebec was English and Protestant. When the governors tried to give the French population certain privileges the English got mad. Both populations were mad because the English were being spoiled and not allowing the French to live their lives like before and the English did not like that some french ways were still present. -
The Quebec Act
After all the problems that the royal proclamation brought the Quebec act was put in place to please the French. The Catholic people could practice their religion and played an influential role in politics. Canadiens could hold government positions as long as they swore to be loyal to the king. One of the biggest changes was that the French civil law was back. -
The Loyalists
36,000 loyalists came to Canada mostly settling in the Maritimes. The other 6,000 loyalists came to Quebec, most of them settled in the west of Montreal. The English population of Quebec increased dramatically going from 1% to 10% settling according to the Township system. The loyalists were unhappy because they were used to English civil laws and having elected assemblies so they started writing petitions to London for change. -
The Constitutional Act
In order to please both cultures, the governor came up with the idea of splitting Canada in two. Lower Canada was designated to the French and having French law, language, and the Catholic religion. Upper Canada was designated to the English, having English laws, language, and the Protestant religion. -
Representative government
The Governor-appointed by parliament called assemblies into session and held veto power. The Canada’s each had a lieutenant governor, an executive council appointed by the governor, a legislative Council-appointed, approve or reject laws form the assembly and a legislative assembly which was people elected every 4yrs. Which had the power to approve or disapprove taxes, they had the right to create laws. This was a big step because now men who owned land and were at least 21 had a say. -
Problems with the Representative Government
Although this solution worked well in Upper Canada, in Lower Canada, the legislative assembly was French and the men above were English which caused problems because they had different views. The governor and his council had veto power which made it almost impossible for the legislative assembly to make laws. The wealthy governors and council members wanted to invest money but the legislative assembly wanted to tax goods rather than property. -
The Rebellions
The response from the 92 resolutions was taken an insult which is how the rebellions began. Upper Canada’s Rebellion was led by William Lyon Mackenzie and quickly put down and Lower Canada’s Rebellion was led by Louis Joseph Papineau was supported by the clergy but they don’t have enough support outside Montreal and they were poorly organized and equipped. They were put down after several battles. 12 Patriotes were hung outside Montreal’s prison as a symbol and 58 were exiled to Australia. -
What Led to the Rebellions?
By 1830, the British Party and the Parti Canadian had been formed. The two groups were extremely different creating conflicts and farmers were angry because of bad weather which led to famine and disease. The leader of the Patriotes (Papineau) wrote 92 resolutions. However, the British Government responded with 10 resolutions which did the opposite of solving any of Papineau’s problem.
