-
1500
Matriarchy and Patriarchy
The Iroquois were a Matriarchy, meaning the leadership and decision making was the responsibility of women. The Algonquins were a Patriarchy, meaning the father played vital leadership role. -
Church
The Church and the State had reciprocal interests. The Church was implicated in political decisions because of the bishop was part of the Sovereign Council. The Church also controlled people's everyday life in New France since the clergy was everywhere. For example, there were priests in charge of parishes, priests working as missionaries and nuns working in hospitals. -
Royal Government part.1
The king: stayed in France
Minister of Marine: he informs the king of everything that occurred in the colonies.
Both of these people would remain in France while the Sovereign Council ran New France. The council was made up of a governor, an intendant and a bishop.
Governor: highest rank, commander of army and defense, deals with the British and Amerindians. -
Roles in Royal Government part.2
Intendant: most influential, chief administrator, in charge of internal affairs such as budget, taxes, justice, seigniorial system and building roads.
Bishop: administered over Parish Priests, hospitals, schools, charities
Captain of Militia: deals with the people in New France, could be considered chief of police, still had power but wasn’t as important as the Sovereign Council. -
Beggining of the Royal Government
In France, the king assumes power based on the principle of Divine Right of kings. However, the colony of New France wasn't developing because of mercantilism and the monopoly the companies have. Their rival, the 13 colonies, was growing and developing so King Louis 14th decides to take initiative. He gets rid of mercantilism, ends the contracts with the companies and puts the royal government in place. -
War between Hurons and Iroquois
Algonquins and Hurons were allied with the French whereas the Iroquois were allied with the British. These were military alliances as well as business alliances where they helped each other with the fur trade. The Hurons and the Iroquois were at war over the control of the fur trade territory. The Iroquois were a violent group and this war almost wiped out all the Hurons. In the end, this war ended in 1701 with The Great Peace of Montreal and the peace lasted 16 years. -
Coureurs de Bois and Voyageurs
Because of the war between the Hurons and the Iroquois, many Hurons were wiped out. This group provided furs for the French so their death forced the French to go out and collect furs deeper into the forest. This is how coureurs de bois were formed. They are French settlers who travel deep into the forest, lived with the natives much of the year, traded with the Amerindians and hunted furs. The Voyageurs were the ones who transported the fur to the French. -
Plains of Abraham
The French from France didn't care much about New France so they didn't bring as many soldiers and ships as the British. Because of this, the battle at the Plains of Abraham was clearly won by the British. This battle ended the French regime and the major conflict in New France. -
Articles of Capitulation
Since the European war is still going on but the Conquest war is over, the Articles of capitulation was created. This document is the official surrender of the French from New France.
Rules in the 1760 document:
-The French Militia could return home.
-The professional French military would lay down their weapons and leave to France.
-People could practice the Catholic religion, but the Bishop would have to leave.
-The people who stayed and didn’t leave would become British Subjects. -
Military Government and James Murray
The fate of the colony was still undecided since the 7 year war was still happening in Europe. While the colony waited for the war to end for their fate to be decided, the British military government was put in place from 1760-1763. James Murray was the first governor of this new colony during the military government. Because of the change in empire and the British being in charge, French businessmen left and were replaced by British merchants. -
Treaty of Paris
The war in Europe ended so the Treaty of Paris was created in 1763 to ensure that the French surrender. In this treaty, all territory that was officially known as New France was given to England. Only two islands, St-Pierre and Miquelon, were kept for the French. Basically ensures that the French surrender. -
The Royal Proclamation Part.1
Laws in the Royal Proclamation of 1763:
1. The colony now named Province of Quebec had borders just around the St-Lawrence river valley.
3.Civilian Government ran the colony with a Governor, appointed by the King, and members of an Executive Council, appointed by the Governor.
4- English Criminal and Civil laws were applied.
5- Unused land would be divided by Townships.
6-No new Bishop would be allowed.
7-No Roman Catholics could be in charge. -
The Royal Proclamation Part.2
Goals: The constitution was put in place to control the French-speaking people and try to assimilate them into the British culture. They took away French rights which caused French immigration to decrease and British immigration to increase. Problem: Only 1% of the population is English and they want to dictate and change 99% of the population, which was French. This caused problems to rise. -
Difficulties of First Government
James Murray tried keeping the French Roman Catholics content so he bent the rules since he doesn't want a revolt. Rules bent:
-Allowed a new Bishop.
-He allowed French laws in the lower courts only.
-Didn't call the appointed assembly often since it only favored the English Merchants. Outcome:
- James was kicked out in 1766 since English merchants opposed to the policies.
-Guy Carleton, the new governor, kept the same tolerancy polices of Murray since he noticed the same problems. -
Discontent of French, Americans and British
French were unhappy because of the British taking over and changing their lifestyle. 13 colonies were unhappy because although they helped the British defeat the French, they were taxed heavily and the Ohio Valley wouldn’t be given to them. British merchants were unhappy because they wanted to have power through an elected assembly to favor English interests. Carleton was scared the French would join the Americans in their war of independence so he created the Quebec Act to gain French loyalty. -
Quebec Act
Laws created:
1. Enlarges the area of Quebec.
2. Denied an elected assembly so the British don't become favored.
3. Appointed council (min.17 members)
4. French civil laws were instated, the tithe and seigniorial system returned.
5. Test Act Oath Test Oath of Allegiance (swear to the king that you’re loyal, and you could hold office). -
Loyalists
-After America's independence, loyalists, people still loyal to the British, moved to Canada in the Maritimes and in Quebec, mostly to the west of Montreal. This increased English population of Quebec from 1% to 10%.
-They settled with the Township system and gave their settlements English names.
-They wanted English civil laws and elected assemblies so they started writing petitions to London for change. After years of complaining, they finally got their wish. -
The Constitutional Act
Purpose of this Act was so the British can get what they want. They separated the province of Quebec into Lower Canada for the French and Upper Canada for the English. Lower Canada had 160 000 people that were French and they kept their own religion, civil laws and their people could work in administration. Upper Canada had 20 000 English people that were Protestants, they used the township system and English Civil laws. -
Representative Government pt.1
Government: Appointed, veto power, for both Canada's. In each Canada, there were 5 roles. Anyone appointed was a British English Merchants and anyone elected was a French farmer or English peasant. Lieutenant Governor: Deputy governor.
Executive Council: Appointed, Governor's advisers.
Legislative Council: Appointed, approve/reject laws.
Legislative Assembly: Elected every 4yrs, could approve/disapprove taxes and create laws.
Ordinary people: Men over 21 years old that owned land could vote. -
Representative Government pt.2
-Legislative Assembly and legislative council both had different interests. The Legislative Assembly was always shut down because the Governor and his Council had veto power. -The wealthy governors & council members who were British thought about investing money in big business+tax property but the Legislative Assembly wanted to tax goods, not property and didn’t want to invest in such large projects that wouldn’t benefit them. -
Discontent in Lower Canada
Those elected in the representative government held no real power so tensions grew. The British Party (controlled the councils, spent money on public works) and the Parti Canadien (controlled the assembly, power over taxes) were created. However, they were both so different no negotiations could be made. The French were also frustrated because bad weather lead to bad harvests, famine and disease, the assembly wanted the councils to be elected and immigrants made land/jobs scarce. -
92 and 10 Resolutions
The leader of the Patriotes, Louis Joseph Papineau, wrote 92 Resolutions, a list of the assemblies demands. Their main demand was for Responsible Government where every member at every level is voted in and veto power was canceled. Three years later, Lord John Russell responded with the 10 Resolutions, solutions which didn’t solve any of the Patriotes main demands. This response was taken as an insult and rebellions broke out in both Upper and Lower Canada. -
Rebellions in Lower and Upper Canada
Upper Canada’s Rebellion was lead by William Lyon Mackenzie and was quickly put down. Lower Canada’s Rebellion was lead by Louis Joseph Papineau and after several battles (St-Charles, St-Denis (French win), St-Eustache) the rebellion was put down. The British had a professional army but French were composed of Militia so they never stood a chance at winning. In the end, 12 Patriotes were hanged outside Montreal’s prison and 58 were exiled to Australia. -
Lord Durham
Lord Durham was sent to the Canada’s to give his opinion on what to do to make sure it never happens again.
His Recommendations:
1.Britain should increase immigration in order to assimilate the French.
2.The two Canada’s should be united so the English could become the majority.
3.Responsible Government should be granted to eliminate veto power. The English would be the majority so no French would be voted.
These ideas were rejected until the creation of the Act of Union. -
Act of Union and Responsible Government
Act of Union in 1840 creates Canada East and West. With this union came the responsible government. Legislative assembly: voted in by population, the political group with the most votes becomes prime minister, they approve/reject laws. Executive council: People from the legislative assembly are chosen by prime minister to be in this council, they propose the laws. Governor and Legislative council: Still appointed but did not intervene, governor doesn't use his veto power. -
Quebec Conference
Oct. 1864: Newfoundland was added to this meeting but they ended up dropping out of the meeting with PEI because they didn't like the idea of building railways since they wouldn't benefit from it. Everyone else agreed on 72 resolutions that would make the merger possible.
- A federal system
- 24 seats to each colony or province so each section is equally represented.
- Assembly elected by “rep by pop”.
- Build a railway between provinces. -
Charlottetown Conference
No party would win a majority government so the party leaders agreed a merger was necessary so they had to meet to discuss.
The Charlottetown Conference:
Sept. 1864 in Prince Edward Island: Leaders of Canada East, Canada West and leaders of three Maritime Provinces, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island come to the conclusion that they should join up. -
London Conference
New “self-governing” colony called Canada was created under the British North America Act on July 1st 1867. First four provinces included ONT, QC, NB and NS.
-The other Prov’s joined from 1870 and 1949.
-Federal/Provincial Gov’t. Section 91 (Federal): defense, banking and money, postal service, criminal laws
Section 92 (Provincial): education, municipal institutions, hospitals, property and civil rights.
Shared responsibility: Immigration and agriculture. -
Maurice Duplessis
Premier of Quebec supported the church, wanted everyone to live a simple rural life and didn't help the Quebec businesses. Because of this, unions, journalists and intellectuals were against him. He was a French Nationalist with policies such as:
-adopting the fleurdelisé as Quebec's flag in 1948.
-introducing a provincial income tax plan in 1954.
-Refused to accept federal subsidies for Quebec education/allowance payments to Quebec families. -
The Quiet Revolution
Jean Lesage of the Liberal party beat Duplessis. Everything he did, the Quiet Revolution undoes. To help Quebec advance: Economy: The Trans-Canada, Montreal Metro and Hydro Quebec were built. Education: Parent Committees and MEQ, the educational system that oversees the Quebec education, were created. Free public schools are also available until the age of 16. Church: Weakened and no longer had control of education and hospitals.
