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Nov 23, 1500
First Occupants
Apparently they had no official leadership, but we know this isn't true: Iroquois:
-Society was a Matricarchy; leadership and decision making was the reponsibility of women Algonkians:
-Society was a Patriarchy' father played vital leadership role -
Period: Nov 23, 1500 to
Official power and countervailing power
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French Regime
-French were allied with the Huron (basically Iroquois). Primary group to trade with the French. Fought against the Iroquois over control of the fur trade territory, but they lost. Thwy fought against the Iroquois to tske over until about 1703
-English were allied with the Iroquois and fought against the French (and Hurons) for control over the fur trade. Almost wiped out the Hurons
-The coureurs des bois are formed, they are French settlers who travel deep into the Amerindians -
Peace Treaty
-16 years of peace with the chiefs signatures
-The Great Peace of Montreal was a peace treaty between New France and 40 First Nations of North America
-It was signed on August 4th, 1701, by Louis-Hector de Calliere, governor of New France and by 1300 representatives of 40 aboriginal nations
-This has sometimes been called the "Grand Settlement of 1701" -
Power relations between the Church and the State
-Church is implicated in political decisions because of its role in the Sovereign Council
-The Clergy was everywhere:
-->Priests in charge of parishes (cures)
-->Priests working as missionaries
-->Nuns working in hospitals
-->Education
-->Charities
-The King assumes power based on the principal of Divine Right of Kings where he has total power and is more important than God himself -
Sovereign Council pt. 1
The King and the Minister of Marine would remain in France as the Sovereign Council ran New France directly. The council made up of the following members:
-The decision makers were the Bishops, Intendants and Governor
-The governor was the highest rank, commander of army, defence, dealt with external affairs (English colonies, Natives)
-The Intendant was the most influential (like a CEO of a companym he controls all, he's the money man) -
Sovereign Council pt. 2
-The Bishop is appointed by the Pope (in charge of all things that fall under the religious domain)
-Not on the Council but still had power was the Capitain of Militia dealt with issues on seigneuries (could be considered Chief of Police)
-The Attendant is the leader of the Sovereign Council
-On the Sovereign Council we have the Government, Intendant and Bishop -
British Rule
In September a document was signed giving the terms under which the French would surrender. The document was called the Articles of Capitulation, and it stated:
-The French Militia could return home, no one would lose their property
-The French Regular military would lay down their arms and leave (back to France)
-The people could practice the Roman Catholic religion, but the Bishop would have to leave
-The people who stayed would become Britishs Subjects -
Treaty of Paris
The Elite left because they were able to afford it, so the fate of the colony was still undecided and so the colony waited under British Military Rule of James Murray, untile the war in Europe would end. 7 years later the war ends due to the Treaty of Paris. All the territory known as New France was given to the King of England except two small islands (St.Pierre and Miquelon) -
Royal Proclamation pt. 1
1.It gives the King's new colony a name, The Province of Quebec
2.It decreases the borders to just around the St-Lawrence river valley (they rest would be known as Indian Territory)
3.Put in place a civilian Government to run the new Colony: The King appointed a Governor (has total power, but returns information to the King) who then appointed members of and Executive Council (Royal Government out and Executive Council in) to advise him
4.English Criminal and Civil laws were applied (all English -
Royal Proclamation pt.2
5.Unused land would be divided by the Township System
6.No new Bishop would be allowed
7.No Roman Catholics could hold public office (Test Act)
-It has a goal to contol and assimilate the French in Quebec. They brought them all together as to watch over them, and took many of their rights away, and forced them to become more English
-Most of the British who came would be rich merchants who would fill the place of the French Elite who had left
-First English Governor was James Murray -
Difficulties of the first Governors pt.1
-James Murray found the Royal Proclamation unworkable, only 1% of the population of Quebec was English
-Protestant. To make the rest of the French Roman Catholics content, he bent the rules
-He allowed a new Bishop (Monseigneur Briand)
He allowed French laws in the lower courts
-He did not call an elected assembly because it would favour the English Merchants (they would want more money, and make laws in favour of themselves) -
Difficulties of the first Governors pt.2
-The English Merchants were strongly apposed to the Governor's policies and demanded a new Governor from the King
-->1st Governow: James Murray
-->2nd Governor: Guy Carleton (fears the French joining forces with the Americans to fight Britain
No one is happy in the new Province of Quebec
-13 colonies were unhappy because they had fought to gain control of the Ohio Valley, but it was denied to them
-Uneasy about lack of guarantees to their religion -
Guy Carleton
He quickly adopts the same attitude as the first Govermow "to the end of time, this colony will be peopled by the Canadian Race". He does the exact same thing as James Murray and is scared of American/British problems, He could also gain their loyalty because of the Americans. -
Quebec Act
-Guarantees French Canadian loyalty
-Enlarges the area of Quebec (pisses off the Americans because the land was given to the enemy -->French)
-Denied an elected assembly
-Appointed council (min. 17 members) -->French have been invited
-French civil laws were instated, tithe and seignorial system are back
-Test Act Oath -->Test Oath of Allegiance (swear to king you're loyal, and could hold office) This made the Americans very upset -
Effects of the Loyalists
-36,000 loyalists came to Canada (most settled in the Maritimes)
-6,000 loyalists came to Quebec (most settled West of Montreal)
-The English population of Quebec had a sudden increase because of the Loyalists (1%-10%)
-Settles according to the Township system
-Loyalists were used to English civil laws
-They were used to have eleccted assemblies
-Started writing petitions to London or change -
Constitutional Act
-Representative Government was about the rich merchants vs. the poor farmers
-Legislative Assembly had the power to make laws, but whenever they tried to do so they were shut down, because the Governor and his Council had veto power
-The wealthy governors and council members thought about investing money in big business+tax property
-Legislative assembly wanted to tax goods, not property
-Lower Canada was where the legislative assembly was French and there were constant issues over language -
92 Resolutions
-Written by Louis Joseph Papineau in 1834
-It's a lost of the assemblies demands
-Their main demand was for Responsible Government (for the members of the councils to be selected from the elected assembly)
-The government made up by people would be responsible for its decisions. -
10 Resolutions
-Written by Lord John Russell
-Solutions which didn't solve any of the Patriotes main demands, in fact it gave more power to councils
-Rejected all 92 Resolutions written by Papineau -
The Rebellions
-Most settled in Upper Canada because they spoke English, but some settled in Lower Canada because the were Catholic
-They greatly increased the population on the Canada's
-They made Upper Canada larger than Lower Canada -
Lord Durham's Recommendations
-To assimilate the French
-Britain should increase immigration in order to assimilate the French (drown out the French with the English)
-The two Canada's should be united (English now have majority)
-Responsible Government should be granted to eliminate veto power These ideas were first rejected by the British Parliament until the 1840 Act of Union (4th constitution) -
Referendum
-Led by Jacques Parizeau
-With even closer results 50.6% against, and 49.9% for
-The issue is still not resolved and another referendum could be help in the future
-Presently 50% plus 1 is needed to separate
