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Dec 18, 1500
Natives
-The Iroquois lived in a matriarch society where decisions were made by the women
-The Algoquiens were a patriarch where the men made decisions -
Period: Dec 18, 1500 to
Official Power and Countervailing Power
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French Regime
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Influence on aboriginal people on power
-They made alliances so that they could protect the economic intrests in the fur trade
-The French and Hurons fought against the British for fur trade territory and lost
-Coureur de bois (French who went to live with the natives) -
Church and State
-Clergy was everywhere
-Priests were at missionaries and nuns were at the hospitals -
Life in New France
-Settlers: Had to do a lot of work but had happy lives, they became self dependant. These people were known as the Canadiens and they would stay after the British Conquest. -
Royal Government
-Since the companies in New France held a monopoly the king of France implemented the Royal Government
-The King had the most power
-Followed by the Minister of Marines
-The Governor who was in carge of the army and external affairs
-The intendant who was in charge of taxes and other internal affairs
-The Bishop who was appointed by the pope
-And the Captain of the mallitia -
The Great Peace of Montreal
-This was a peace treaty between New France and the 40 First Nations of North America
- Signed by Louis-Hector de Calliere, governor of New France, and 1300 representatives of 40 aboriginal nations.
-The french allied with the Algoquiens and the Hurons for 16 years where they traded furs and allied in wars. -
The British Regime (Articles of capitulation)
-The French Militia could return home, no one would lose their property-The French Regular military would lay down their arms and leave.-The people could practice the catholic religion, but the Bishop would have to leave. -The people who stayed would become British Subjects. -
Royal Proclamation
-The king changed the colony's name to Quebec
-Gave the Natives more territory
-A civillian council was put into place, A governor and an Executive council
-English criminal and civil laws were put into place
-Unused land was divided into townships
-Bishops were no allowed but the R.C. religion was allowed -
The Treaty of Paris
-When the 7 year war was over France and Britain signed the Treaty of Paris
-This gave all of the territory of New France to Britain except for St-Pierre and Miquelon. -
Quebec Act
-Quebec got bigger
-Denied an elected assembly
-Appointed a council (17 members minimum)
-French civil laws were instated, tithe and seigniorial system are back -
American Independance
-Americans win the war against the British but some say that the British just didn't really care anymore and left
-The people who left the United States and came to Quebec are called loyaists (Mainly English) -
Reprasentative Governement
-Governor: Appointed by the parlement, Comanded forces, in charge of administration, veto power, etc
-Lutenant governor: Acted as a deputy governor
-Executive Council: Appointed by the governor and advised by the governor
-Legislative Council: Approuved or rejected laws from the assembly
-Legislatvie assembly: approve or go against certain taxes as well and create new laws -
Constitutional Act
-Canda was split into two parts, upper Canada and lower Canada
-Upper Canada was majority english while lower was majority French
-Lower canada had a much larger population than upper
-in Lower Canada the French kept their religion, civil laws, and people could work in the admin.-In Upper Canada the Protestants, would use the township system, English civil laws -
92 Resolutions and Russells 10 Resolutions
-Papineau created a list of 92 demands mainly a responsible government he sent these to London
-Russell responded with 10 resolutions which just made things worse by giving more power to the council
-Rebellions broke out in upper and lower Canada -
The Rebellions
-Upper Canada''s rebellions were run by william lyon mackenzie and was ended relatively quickly
-Lower Canada's was lead by papinaue, they fought three main battles before the rebellions were stopped
-12 Patriotes were hanged outside Montreal’s prison as a symbol
-58 were exiled to Australia -
Act of Union
-Clearly this system was flawed (not responsible) it would be changed in a very short time
-Conflict occurred very quickly. -
Responsible Government
Responsible Government was adopted slowly:
1842: The Prime minister would select members of the executive council from the assembly.
1848: Governor Lord Elgin would be the first to not use his veto powers, and allow the Prime minister (majority holder) to have executive powers. The structure of Responsible Government:
Responsible government is when the governor is responsible and doesn’t use his veto power over everything -
The Confrences
Charlottetown
-In September, 1864, the leaders of Canada East and Canada West met with the leaders of three Maritime Provinces
-In the end they decided to merge with the rest of Canada
Quebec
-In October, 1864, the same members of last time agreed on 72 resolutions that would make the merger possible.
-Newfoundland and PEI withdrew, Dorion's Parti Rouge opposed the federation -
Contemporary Period
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London Conference
-Leaders of the 4 colonies meet to make arrangement to release from the British Empire to become a new “self-governing” colony, the dominion of Canada
-The Provinces included in this were Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia -
Indian Act
-A new law was created for the Amerindians. Natives claims related to the exploitation of natural resources. -
The National Policy
-The 3 main points of it were increasing custom duties, build railways, and to encourage immigration.
-This was created to unify the country -
World War 1
-We joined the war because Britan joined the war
-Conscription forced men to join the war
-The French didnt want to fight
-Women could work in place of their husband as well as vote
-Economy improved immensly
-Britan rewards Canada witht he statue of westminister -
World War 2
-War Ended the great depression
-We were not forced to join, we volinarily joined
-Conscrition crisis, the french didn't want to fight
-There was a huger growth in population due to the baby boom -
The Quiet Revolution
-Jean Lesage of the liberal party beat the union national
-This lead to the modernization of quebec education
-Weakened the influence of the church (separation of church and state)
--Hydro-Quebec became goverment owned, trans-Canada expanded, Montreal Metro