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Period: Nov 19, 1500 to
Official Power and Countervailing Power
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Period: Nov 19, 1500 to
First Occupants
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Nov 25, 1500
First Occupants
Iroquois-- Matriarchy; leadership and decision making was the responsibility of women.
Algonquins-- Patriarchy; father played vital leadership role. -
Period: to
French Regine
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Relations with Natives
Strategic military alliances in order to protect their economic interests in the fur trade.
Hurons: Alliances with the French.
Iroquois: Alliances with the English. -
Royal Government
King has all the power based on the Divine Right of Kings.
Right under the king, as far as power goes, the Minister of marine would have been there who at the time was Jean-Baptiste Colbert.
-- Governor (highest rank in New France, commander in army and dealt with international affairs)
-- Intendant (dealt with money)
-- Bishop (in charge if religion, education, hospitals, charities etc.) -
Colony vs. Mother Country
Absolute monachy: The king names administrators of the colony and can still reverse any decisions they make. -
Peace Treaty
Great Peace of Montreal
-- Signed by Louis-Hector de Calliere, governor of New France
-- 16 years of friendly alliances between the Hurons/Algonquians and the French
-- Sometimes called the "Grand Settlement of 1701"
***Treaty was betweem New France and 40 First Nations of North America. Signed on August 4, 1701, by Louis-Hector de Calliere, governor of New France, and 1300 representatives of 40 aboriginal nations. -
Church vs. State
Church is implicated in political descisions because of its role in the Sovereign Council.
The Clergy was everywhere! -
Life in New France
Life was happy but you needed to work for what you wanted for the most part. New France became self-dependent and many starving and poor people. -
Period: to
British Regime
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Articles of Capitulation
- The French Military could return home, no one would lose their property.
- The Frech Regular military would lay down their armour and leave.
- The people could practice the R.C. religion, but Bishop would leave.
- The people who stayed would become British subjects
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Treaty of Paris
After the 7 year war ended. All territories like New France is given to the King of England except two small islands. (St. Pierre, Miquelon) -
Royal Proclamation
- It gives the King new colony a name, Province of Quebec
- It decreases the borders to just around the St. Lawrence river valley. (the rest would be known as Indian Territory)
- Put in place a civilan Government to run the new colony: King appointed a Governor who then appointed members of an Executive Council to advise him.
- English Criminal and Civil laws were applied.
- Unused land would be divided by the Township System.
- No new Bishop would be allowed.
- Test Act (Roman Catholics)
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James Murray
Murray found that the Proclamation was unworkable because only 1% of the pop. was English and not Roman Catholics, but Protestant. James bent the rules to make the French content. Murray allowed a new Bishop. He changed the rules to French civil, English criminal. He didn't favour the English. -
Guy Carleton
Carleton kept the same laws and changes that Murray had put into action. He had a special reason to be tolerant towards the French.... He wanted tp have their loyalty as the Americans were beginning to demand their Independence. -
Loyalists
The loyalists would leave, be kicked out. They are loyal to the crown in Great Britain.
-- 36 000 came to Canada
-- 6 000 came to Quebec -
Quebec Act
- Guarantees French Canadian loyalty
- Enlarges the area of Quebec
- Denied a elected assembly
- Appointed coouncil (min. 17 members)
- Frech Civil, English Criminal
- Test Act of Oath-> Test Oath of Allegiance
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In the States.....
Britain wanted to place strict control over the taxes and trade.
The Americans wanted Western Expansion into the Ohio Valley.
Up until 1763 the Americans needed Britain to protect then from the French. -
Constitutional Act
Province of Quebec was split up into two parts;
-- Upper Canada, that was entirely English (20 000 ppl), would be all protestants and would use the township system with English civil laws.
-- Lower Canada, that was mostly French (160 000 ppl), would keep the French religion (Catholism), people could work in administration. -
Representative Government
Governor: appointed by the paliament, commanded forces, in charge of administration, has veto power, calls assemblies into session.
Lieutenant Governor: acted as deputy governor.
Executive Council: appointed by the Governor, advised by Governor.
Legislative Council: appointed, approved or rejected laws from the assembly.
Legislative Assembly:people elected every 4 years, could approve or disapprove taxes, and could create laws.
Ordinary people, for the first tome, had a say in the government. -
Faults found in the Representative Government
Legislative Assembly had the power to make laws, but whenever they tried to do so they were shut down because the Governor and his Council has veto power. The two sides had different interests. The wealthy governors and council members thought about investig money in big business and tax property but the members of the legislative assembly wanted to tax goods, not property. Their were also plenty of issues over language. -
92 Resolutions
The 92 resolutions were writen by the Papineau, the leader of the Patriotes movement. The main demand in the resolutions was for the Responsible government . -
Lord Durham
- Britain should increase immigration in order to assimilate the French
- The two Canada's should be United
- Responsible Gov. should be granted to eliminate veto power.
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Rebellions of 1837-1838
The reaction of the people to the answer to the 92 resolutions was what mainly started the rebellions. The response was writen by Lord John Russell who sent back the 10 Resolutions. -
Act of Union
- Creates the Province of Canada consisting of Canada East and West.
- Canada East and West would each have 42 members to its assembly.
- Governor still has veto power and control
- Canada East and West would equally pay for Canada's debts.
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Governor Lord Elgin
He would be the first to not use his veto powers, and allow the Prime minister to have executive power. -
Responsible Government
Structure;
-- The people would now elect the Legislative Assembly (Parliament)
-- The Prime minister would form the Cabinet(Executive council) who would propose laws that had to be approved though the assembly.
-- The Governor and the Legislative council were still appointed but did not intervene even though pressured to do so by rich English merchants. -
Charlottetown Conference
Leaders of Canada East/West meet with the leaders of the three maritime Provinces, they left the meetings agreeing to consider a merger. -
Quebec Conference
Same members agreed on 72 resolutions that would make the merger possible....
A federal system
24 seats to each colony
Assembly elected by 'Rep-by-Pop'
Build a railway between colonies -
Period: to
Contemporary Period
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London Conference
Leaders of 4 colonies meet to make arrangement to release British Empire to become a new "self-groverning" colony. THE DOMINION OF CANADA. With its capital of Ottawa was created under the BNAA(British North America Act). -
Influence of the Church
- Church was still in charge of registering births, marriages, deaths.
- Controlling education
- Orphans, Shelters, Charities, Religious festivals
- R.C. Church attendance was very high
- Protestants were divided
- Ministers still were influential but not as powerful as R.C.
- Protestant Universities.
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Maurice Duplessis
He believed in a simple way of life. Families who were religious and would make a living in the country, farming for the family and selling the extras. He had many battles with Ottawa over federal initiatives in provincial jurisdictions. -
Union demands
Union demands regarding health and safety and laws, for the protection of children, union struggle to ensure a minimum salary to workers, workers, women, elders. TO PROTECT THE WORKERS!!! -
Quiet Revolution
Began with the electoral defeat of the Union Nationale by Jean Lesage and his Liberal Party. It can be best described as a rapid and far-reaching process of social, economic, and political reform in QC from the early to the late 1960's. -
Mouvement Souverainte
Rene Levesque formed the Parti Quebecois and pushed for seperation of QC from Canada. -
October Crisis
James Cross and Pierre LaPortes were kidnapped. Trudeau (Prime Minister) used war measures to get them out but LaPortes was killed and Cross was released. -
Meech Lake Accord
Writen with various reforms but it was denied by two provinces. -
Charlottetown Agreement
It sought to seperate Canada from QC but it was voted against by the people.
