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Period: Nov 18, 1500 to
Official power and countervailing power
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Nov 23, 1500
First Occupants
IROQUOIS: Societywas a Matriarchy; leadership and decision making was the responsibility of women. ALGONQUIANS: Society was a Patriarchy; father played a vital leadership role. -
Power relations between Amerindians and the colonial administrators (French Regime)
The French were allied with the Hurons:
-Primary group to trade with the French.
-They fought against the Iroquois over control of the fur territory (They lost)
-French fought against Iroquois take over until 1703 English were allied with the Iroquois:
-fought against the French and Hurons for control over fur trade
-almost wiped out the Hurons -
Power relations between Amerindians and the colonial administrators pt. 2
-Coureurs des bois are formed (French settlers who travel deep into the forest, lived with the natives most of the year, and traded with the Amerindians. Peace treaty (Great Peace of Montreal)
-Between New France and 40 First Nations of North America
-It is sometimes referred to as the "Grand Settlement of 1701" -
Power relations between the Church and the State
Clergy was everywhere:
-Priests in charge of parishes (cures)
-Priests working as missionaries
-Nuns working in hospitals
-Education
-Charities
-The king assumes power based on the principal of The Divine Right of Kings. -
Royal Government
-The King had a minister of Marine in charge of New France.
-The royal government consisted of: The King, Minister of Marine, Governor, Sovereign council, bishop, intendant, captain of the Militia, and the people. -
Sovereign Council
GOVERNOR: Highest rank, commander of the army, defense, dealt with external affairs (English colonies, Natives) INTENDANT: Most influential, chief administrator, controlled budget, collecting taxes, justice, seignorial system, built roads, set up industries. BISHOP: Administered over Parish Priests, hospitals, schools, charities (doesn't make any final decisions, and is appointed by the pope) NOT ON COUNCIL, BUT STILL HAD POWER: Captain of the Militia: Dealt with issues on seigneuries. -
Power relations between the colony and the mother country
ABSOLUTE MONARCHY: The King names administators of the colony and can still reverse any decisions they make. -
Life in New France
-Life was very different in New France than it was in France. This happened because of the distance from the colony to the mother country. Due to the distance, the King exercised less control. -
Articles of Capitulation
-The French Militia could return home, no one would lose their property.
-The French Regular military would lay down their arms and leave (back to France)
-The people could practice the Roman Catholic religion, but thr Bishop would have to leave. The Elite left because they could afford to do so.
-The people who stayed would become British subjects. -
Royal Proclamation
-Gave the King's colont a new name: The Province of Quebec
-Decreased the borders to just aroung the St-Lawrence river valley (the rest would be known as Indian Territory)
-Put in place a civilian Government to run the new colony:
->The King appointed a Governor (he had total power and reported to the King) who then appointed members of an Executive Council to advise him. (Executive council is the new form of government)
-English Criminal and Civil laws were applied -
Royal Proclamation pt. 2
-Unused land would be divided by the Township system (squares)
-No new Bishop would be allowed
-No Roman Catholics could hold public office (test act)
->French couldn't be on the executive council because they were Catholic) -
Details about the Royal Proclamation
-Its goal was to assimilate and control the French in Quebec (took many away their rights away
-No new French speaking people were coming into Quebec but many English people were.
-Most of the British that came in were rich merchants who would fill the place of the French Elite that left.
-The first governor was James Murray who knew that assimilating the French would be a challenge. -
Difficulties of the First Governors
-James Murray found that the Royal Proclamation unworkable; only 1% of the population of Quebec was English/Protestant. To make the rest of the French Roman Catholics content, he bent the rules
-He allowed a new Bishop
-He allowed French laws in the lower courts
-He didn't call an elected assembly because it would only favor the English merchants. (They would want more money, and make laws that are in favour if themselves.) The English merchants were strongly opposed to the Governor's policies. -
Quebec Act
-Guarantees French Canadian loyalty
-Enlarges the area of Quebec (made the English mad because the land was given to the French.)
-Appointed council
-French civil laws were instated, tithe and seignorial system were back.
-Test Act Oath: Test Oath of Allegiance (swear to the king you're loyal and could hold office.)
THESE FACTORS MADE THE AMERICANS UPET -
Activity in America
-Up until 1763, the Americans needed British protection from the French.
-They wanted western expansion into the Ohio Valley.
-Britain was unhappy with the 13 colonies (did not give enough in war)
-Some Americans had also been trading with the French, which made Britain want to place strict control on trade and
income taxes. -After the war in Independence, Loyalists moved north to the only British colont left in North America (Quebec) -
No one is happy in the new Province of Queec
-The 13 Colonies were unhappy because they had fought to gain control of the Ohio valley, however, it was denied to them.
-the French were uneasy about the lack of guarantees to their religion. (Didn't want the English merchants making decisions) HOWEVER:
-The French were lucky to have James Murray, but the English weren't and got him sent back to England.
-New governor: Guy Carleton who adopts the same attitude as the first governor.
-He wanted French loyalty in case the Americans attacked. -
Treaty of Paris
The Treaty of Paris ended the 7 year war.
-All the territory known as New France is given to the King of England. Except 2 small islands, which are fishing grounds. (St.Pierre and Miquelon). -
Effects of the Loyalists
36,000 loyalists came to Canada (most settles in the Maritimes)
6,000 loyalists came to Quebec (most settled West of Montreal)
-The English population of Quebec had a sudden increase (1% to 10%)
->they settles using the Township system.
-They were used to English civil laws.
-They were used to having elected assemblies.
-They started writing petitions to London for change. -
The Constitutional Act
-The province of Quebec was split into 2 pieces called Upper Canada (up river) and Lower Canada (down river)
-Lower Canada was almost entirely French (160 000 people)
-Upper Canada was entirely English (20 000 people)
-In Lower Canada, the French kept their religion, civil laws, and people could work in the administration.
-In Upper Canada, the protestants would use the township system, English civil laws. -
Representative Government
King, British Parliament (like ministerof marine), In the Canadas:
GOVERNOR: Appointed by parliament, commanded forces, in charge of administration, called assemblies into session. Held veto power. (Could turn down laws in both Canadas) The Canadas each had:
LIEUTENANT GOVERNOR: Acted as deputy governor
EXECUTIVE COUNCIL: Appointed by Governor, advised the Governor
LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL: Appointed, approved or rejected laws from the assembly (English business owners) -
Representative government pt. 2
LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY: People elected every 4 years, it had the power to approve or disapprove taxes, they had the right to create laws. (mainly French farmers) ORDINARY PEOPLE: had a say of the government for the first time (but not everyone, only land owning men over 21) -This was the first time people were able to vote and be represented in Canada. The Representative Government was a big step foward. -
Faults in Representative Government
-Legislative assembly had the power to make laws, but whenever they tried to do so they were shut down because the Governor and his council had veto power. -The wealthy governors and council members thought about investing money in big business and tax property
WHEREAS..
-The legislative assembly wanted to tax goods, not property.
-This was worse in lower Canada where the legislative assembly was French and there were constant issues over language. -
The Rebellions
-The leader of the Patriotes was Louis Joseph Papineau, and in 1834, he wrote 92 Resolutions in which their main demand was for Responsible Government. This document was sent to London for approval.
-Lord John Russel reponded with the 10 Resolutions in which non of the solutions didn't solve any of the Patriotes' main demands and gave more power to councils.
-This was taken as an insult and rebellions broke out in both Canadas. -
Lord Durham's Recommendations
His main goal was to assimilate the French.
-Britain should increase immigration on order to assimilate the French.
-The 2 Canadas should be united so the English are the majority
-Responsible Government should be granted to eliminate veto power. -
Act of Union (4th constitution)
-Creates Province of Canada consisting of Canada East and West (former Upper and Lower Canada)
-Canada East and West each had 42 members to its assembly.
-Governor still had control and veto power. (didn't use his veto power).
-Canada East and West would equally pay for Canada's debts (Canada West owed 10x). -
The Confederation conferences
The Charlottetown Conference:
->They considered merging the Maritime provinces. The Quebec Conference:
->They decided on the rules if Canada were to be a whole, single country. The London Conference:
-> In 1867, the leaders of the 4 colonies met to make an arrangement to release from the British Empire to become a new "selg-governing" colony. (THE DOMINION OF CANADA)
-it was created under the British North American Act.
-The first 4 provinces to join Confederation were: QC, ONT, NB, NS. -
Power relations between nationalist movements and the state
World War I and World War II: Conscription (people were forced to go into the army) -
Maurice Duplessis
-Maurice Duplessis was the 16th primier of the Province of Quebec.
-He was for the country and against the city
-He fought for Quebec's independance
-He liked American investment
-He gave the Church a lot of power
-He was against unions, technological advancements
-He was against modernisation. -
Power relations between financial circles and the state
-Involvement of businessmen in politics facilitates access to grants, laws, and regulations in favour of companies and banks (part of economic growth)
-The practice of funding of political parties by businessmen causes scandles: people would bribe political parties so that they could have laws passed for their companies [illegal funding]).
-From 1960, the state takes control of certain sectors of the economy, subsidizes Quebec companies and recognizes the rights of employees. -
Bill 101
-French language is the priority
-Only French signs were allowed in public spaces
-Only children with English speaking parents educated in Quebec could go to English schools. (has been changed to being educated in Canada) -
The 1995 Referendum
The 1995 Referendum was held to see if people wanted the province of Quebec to become its own independant country. Also, there was issues between the French and the English.
-50.6% were against it
-49.4% were for it.
-The issue is still not resolved and another referendum could be held in the future.
-Presently 50% plus 1 is needed to seperate.
