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Dec 15, 1500
First Ocuppants
-The Iroquois were a Matriarchy society, meaning that leadership and decision making was the responsibility of women.
-The Algonquians were a Patriarchy society, meaning that leadership and decision making was the responsibility of men. -
Period: to
French Regime
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Power Relations between Amerindians And The Colonial Administrators
Alliances between the natives and colonial administrators were formed in order to protect their economic interest in the fur trade,
-The Hurons and the French were allied.
-The Iroquois and the British were allied. -
Royal Government
-The King and the Minister of Marine stay in France as the Souvereign Council ran New France directly.
-Souvereign council made up of the following: Governor, Intendant, Bishop.
-The Captain of Militia was not on the Council but still had power, dealt with issues on seigneuries. -
Power Relations Between The Church And The State
-The church was involved in political decisions becuase of its role in the Souvereign Council.
-New France was under the old system, where the companies that held monopoly, were destroying New france.
-The King ended the monopoly and placed New France under the Minister of Marine who at the time was Jean-Baptiste Colbert.
-They both then decided to implement the Royal Goverment to make France more powerful and richer, as for New France to be stronger colony. -
Power Relations Between The Colony And The Mother Country
-The influence of decisions made by the mother country on the power in the colony.
-Absolute monarchy: The king names administrators of the colony and can still reverse any decisions they make.
-Whoever moved and or stayed in New France were very happy due to the fact they were independent people and became a distinct set of people called Canadien. -
Great Peace of Montreal
-The Great Peace of Montreal was a peace treaty between New France and 40 First Nations of North America.
-Signed on August 4th, 1701, by Louis-Hector de Callière, he was the governor of New France at the time, and 1300 representatives of 40 aboringinal nations. -
Articles Of Capitualation
-In 1760, a document was signed giving the terms under which the French would surrender.This document was called the Articles of Capitualation.
1. The French Militia could return home, no one would lose their property.
2. The French Regular military would lay down their arms and leave.
3. The people could practice the R.C. religiong, but the Bishop would have to leave.
4. The people who stayed would become British Subjects.
British Military Rule of James Murray, until the war was over in Europe. -
Period: to
British Regime
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Treaty of Paris
After the seven year war ended, France and Britain signed the Treaty of Paris, which gave all the territory known as New France is given to the King of England except two small islands, St.Pierre and Miquelon. -
Royal Proclamation 1
- Gives the King's new colony a name, the Province of Quebec.
- Decrease the borders to just around the St-Lawrence river valley. (The rest would be known as Indian Territory)
- Put in place a civilian Government to run the new Colony: The King chooses Governor, who then chooses members of an Executive Council to advise him. English Criminal and Civil laws were applied. (Criminal= murder and thief, Civil= can't have more than two barns)
- Unused land would be divided by the Township System.
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Royal Proclamation 2
- No new Bishop would be allowed.
- No Roman Catholics could hold publuc office (Test Act). -The Royal Proclamation's goal was to control and assimilate the French in Quebec.
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James Murray's Changes
-James Murray didn't think that the Royal Proclamation would work due to the fact that only 1% of the population was English and Protestants.
-He bent the rules to make the rest of the French Roman Catholics happy.
-He allowed a new Bishop
-He allowed French laws in the lower courts.
-He did not call an elected assembly (only British people) because it would favor the English Merchants. -
Guy Carleton
-When the English dissaproved and were very upset towards James Murray, since he didnèt favor them, they asked London for a new governor so they sent Guy Carleton.
-Sadly, Guy Carleton kept the same laws and changes that Murray had put in action.
-The reson for his tolerance towards the French was because he wanted to have their loyalty as the Americans were starting to demand their independence. -
Quebec Act
- Guarantees French Canadian loyalty.
- Enlarges the area of Quebec.
- Denied an elected assembly.
- Appointed council (minimum 17 members).
- French civil laws were instated, tithe and seigniorial system are back.
- Test Act Oath --> Test Oath of Allegiance (swear to the King you're loyal, and could hold office).
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American Independence
-After the Quebec Act the Americans were very upset and they just kept getting more and more upset the longer they waited so they declared their indepence.
-They wanted Western Expansion into the Ohio Valley.
-Until 1763 the Americans needed British protection from the French.
-Britain was unhappy with the 13 colonies, they did not give enough in war.
-Some Americans had also been trading with the French, so Britain wanted to place strict control on trade and inc. taxes. -
Loyalists
-They moved North to the only British colony left in North America, that being Quebec.
-36,000 loyalists came to Canada, most settled in the Maritimes, 6,000 loyalists came to Quebec, most settled in West of Montreal.
-The English population of Quebec had a sudden increase of 10%.
-They settled according to the Township system.
-They were used to English civil laws.
-They were used to having elected assemblies.
-They started writing petitions to London for change, finally they got their wish. -
Constitutional Act
-THe Province of Quebec was split in two piecess, called Upper and Lower Canada.
-Lower Canada being almost entirely French (160000 people), the French would keep their religion, civil laws and people could work in the admin. -Upper Canada being almost entirely English (20000 people), they would remain Protestants and would use the township system and the English civil laws.. -
Representative Government
-Governor: he is appointed by the parliament, commanded forces, in charge of administration, has veto power, calls assemblies into session.
-Lieutenant Governor: he acted as a deputy governor.
-Executive Council: he is appointed by the Governor, advised by Governor.
-Legislative Council: approve or reject laws from the assembly.
-Legislative Assembly: people elected every 4 years, they could approve or disapprove taxes and could create laws.
-The people had a say in the government (first time) -
92 Resolutions
-Louis Joseph Papineau, leader of the Patriotes, wrote the 92 Resolutions (a list of the assemblies demands), their main demand was for Responsible Government (for the members of the councils to be selected from responsible for its decisions. The government made up by the people would be responsible for its decisions.
-He sent these resolutions to London. -
Russell's 10 Resolutions
-Lord John Russell responded with 10 resolutions (solutions which didn't solve any of the Patriotes main demands, in fact it gave more power to councils).
-This response was taken as an insult and rebellions broke out in both Upper and Lower Canada -
The Rebellions of 1837-1838
-Upper Canada's rebellion was lead by William Lyon Mackenzie and quickly put down.
-Lower Canada's rebellion was lead by Louis Joseph Papineau and after several battles St-Chharles, St-Denis (french win), St-Eustache the rebellion was put down.
-The Patriotes are supported by the clergy but they don't have enough support outside Montreal and fail.
-Results:
-12 Patriotes were hanged outside Montreal's prison as a symbol
-58 were exiled to Australia -
Lord Durham's Recommendations
-Britain should increase immigration in order to assimilate the French.
-The two Canada's should be united (the english now have majority).
-Responsible Government should be granted to eliminate veto power -
Act of Union
1.Creates the Proving of Canada consisting of Canada East and West.
2.Canada East and West each had 42 members to its assembly.
3.Governor still had control and veto power.
4.Canada East and West would equally pay for Canada's debts even though Canada West owed 10X.
-This system was flawed (not responsible) it would be changed in a very short time)
-Conflict occured very quickly. -
Responsible Government
Responsible Government was adopted slowly:
-1842: The Prime minister would select members of the executive council from the assembly.
-1848: Governor Lord Elgin would be the first to not use his veto powers, and allow the Prime minister (majority holder) to have executive powers.
-Governor is responsible but doesn't use his veto power over everything. -
Politics in the 1860's
-The political system had become responsible ut no one could agree on who should be in charge, no party could win a majorit government.
-The party leaders agreed a merger was necessary, meetings were needed to discuss such the three conferences. -
The Charlottetown Conference
-In September 1874, Leaders of Canada East and West meet with the leaders of the three Maritime Provinces (Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island), they left the meetings agreeing to consider a merger. -
The Quebec Conference
In October, 1864, the same members of last time agreed on 72 resolutions that would make the merger possible.
1. A federal system
2. 24 seats to each colony with a total of 72 seats
3. An assembly elected by "rep by pop"
4. A railway between colonies.
-The conferences went well but the people weren't so accepting of what their politicians were moving towards. (Newfoundland and PEI withdrew, Dorion's Parti Rouge opposed the federation.) -
The London Conference
-The leaders of the 4 colonies meet to make arrangements to release from the British Empire to become a new "self-governing" colony.
-The Dominion of Canada! With its capital of Ottawa was created under the British North American Act.
-Passed on March 29th, came into existence in Canada on July 1st 1867.
-Containing 4 provinces, (Quebec, Ontario, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia) -
Period: to
Contemporary Period
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Section 91-92
-The Federal Government had certain responsibilities as did the provinces.
-These are listed in Sections 91-92. Section 91 (Federal) responsiblities were defense, banking and money, postal service, and criminal law.
-Section 92 (provincial) responsibilities were municipal institutions, hospitals, and property and civil rights. Immigration and agriculture were shared responsibilities between the federal and provincial governments.
-The Federal Government could also disallow any provincial law. -
Power Relations Between Union Movements and State
First strikes and partial legalization of unions (1872), implantation of American unions (1880). Royal Commission on the relations between capital and labour (from 1886 to 1889). Union demands regarding health and safety laws (C.S.S.T.), for the protection of children, union struggle to ensure a minimum salary to workers, women, elders. Anti-Labour Laws: Padlock Law (1937), right to strike, use of police against the strikers. Adoption of the Labour Relations Act (1944). -
Indian Act
-A new law was created for the Amerindians. Natives claims related to the exploitation of natural resources. -
National Policy
-Federal Government needed to unify these different provinces.
-Time were tough (trade was down, unemployment inc, economic recession).
-John A. MacDonald (conservative party) formed a plan to promote national unity.
-The 3 main points of it were:
1. Increasing custom duties
2. Build railways
3. To encourage immigration. -
The Northwest Rebellions
John A Macdonald (first Prime Minister of Canada) took many provincial powers and created many political enemies because he wanted a lot of power. Some provinces wanted out of the Dominion. Canada's government wanted to expand to the west by making the Transcanada railway but the metis were living there so the metis got really mad and Louis Riel (Metis leader) decided to rebel, (there were 2 rebellions both unsuccessful). Afterwards, John A. Macdonald executed Louis Riel because he was a rebel. -
Power Relations Between The Feminist Movements and The State
-Foundation of the National Council of Women (1893); actions of the suffragettes.
-1961: electing the first woman to the Legislative Assembly of Quebec (Marie-Claire Kirland-Casgrain).
-1964: 16, which ended the legal incapacity of married women.
-1965: Foundation of the Federation des femmes du Quebec (revised Civil Code, establishment of maternity leave, decriminalization of abortion, equality (in theory) of men and women).
-1996: Law on pay equity is adopted. -
Power Relations Between Movements For Social Justice and The State
-Early 20th century, associated with communism, union movements and feminism.
-1930: the depression brings about the creation of many charity groups and aid organizations.
-Pressure they exert on the government contributes to adoption of laws and different measures intended to protect the average citizen (Commission des normes du travail, Régie du Logement). -
Power Relations Between Linguistic Groups and The State & Power Relations Between Nationalist Movements and The State
WWI and WW II - Conscription
1867: Dominance of English in business and politics
1967: General de Gaulle of France comes to Montreal to celebrate 100 birthday of Canada
1966: Rene Levesque quit the Liberal party to form the Mouvement Souverainte association (MSA)
1968: PQ
1970: October Crisis
1961:Office de la langue francaise
1980: Rene Levesque Referendum
1982: Charter of Rights and Freedoms
1987: Meech Lake Accord
1992: Charlottetown agreement -
World War One 1914-1918
-Forced to fight because Britain joined the war
-Concription crisis which forced people to join the war
-French didnt want to fight
-Woman's rights imporved. (Took men's place in work force & could vote in place of their husband).
-In 1918, women and men were allowed to vote in federal elections.
-Improvement in the economy (building stuff for war (transforming factories).
-Rise in population because men came back from war.
-Britain rewards Canada for participating with Statue of Westminister -
World War Two
-1939-1945: This was over a high ethical issue (Holocaust).
-This war brought Canada out of depression.
-Canada volunteered to join and was not forced by Britain. -Women were involved (Women's movement).
-There was another conscription crisis (French) - they never actually saw battle.
-There was post war prosperity and Europe rebuilt it's economy.
-There was a natural increase in population and immigration and there were baby-boomers. -
Maurice Deplessis
-He believed that the rural communities were the best places to promote traditional values such as family life, gratifying work and religious beliefs.
-Agriculture was and should continue to be at the heart of Quebec's economy in order to avoid urbanization and associated problems such as unemployment.
-Two groups went against Duplessis. -
Union Leaders
They accuse Duplessis of opposing social progress and of serving American interests rather than the interests of Quebec workers. Throughout this period there were numerous strikes in Quebec. During the Asbestos strike of 1949 even church officials such as Bishop Charbonneau supported the strikers. -
Intellectuals and Journalists
-Intellectuals such as Pierre Elliott Trudeau and Rene Levesque opposed the Duplessis government and attacked the conservative nature of Quebec society in newspapers, magazine articles and television programs.
-Maurice Duplessis founded the Union Nationale party (separatist party) and was premier of Quebec from 1936 to 1939 and from 1944 to 1959.
-Duplessis defended provincial autonomy over federal initiatives in provincial jurisdictions. -
The Quiet Revolution
-The Quiet Revolution began in Quebec in 1960 with tthe electoral defeat of the Union National by Jean Lessage and his Liberal Party.
-Described as a rapid and far-reaching process of social, economic, and political reform in Quebec from early to the late 1960s.
-There was an increase in government intervention.
-Modernizing Quebec's educational system
-Weaken the influence of the Church
-Hydro-Quebec became government owned, trans-Canada expanded, Montreal Metro -
Power Relations Between Financial Circles and The State
-Involvement of businessmen in politics facilitates access to grants, laws and regulations in favour of companies and banks.
-The practice of funding of political parties by businessmen causes scandals and a denunciation of patronage.
-From 1960, the state takes control of certain sectors of the economy, subsidizes Quebec companies and recognizes the rights of employees. -
Power Relations Between Environmentalist Groups and The State
-Since 1970, pressure from environmental groups (measures and laws to protect the environment) and their impact on the population via the media influences public policy. 1970: Creation of the Ministry of Environment Quebec.
-2002: ratification of the Kyoto Protocol by Canada.
-Environmental movements present in Quebec: Greenpeace, the Green Party, l’Action Boréale, etc. -
James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement
-James Bay and Nothern Quebec Agreement (1975) gives more political powers to the Cree and Inuit.
-The repatriation of the Constitution (1982) formally recognizes certain aboriginal rights without ending their claims.
-The Peace of the Brave (2002) recognizes their rights on their territory in exchange for financial compensation for the exploitation of natural resources. -
Native Issues
-In summer of 1990, the Mohawk warriors estaclished road blocks on the borders to their reserves in Oka just outside of Montreal. -Oka crisis-It lasts 78 days in Montreal-Charlottetown accord was created to deal with these issues.
